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Human Anatomy > Topic 9: UT And Reproductive > Flashcards

Topic 9: UT And Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Where do kidneys lie

A

Retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum) on the posterior body wall

At t12-L3 but right is lower

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2
Q

What are they protected by

A

Rib 11 and 12

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3
Q

What is it’s length and width

A

10cm long and 5cm wide

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4
Q

Where is the diaphragm in relation

A

Posterior to it, it separates them from ribs and the pleural cavity

Diaphragm is superior to the kidneys

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5
Q

What is the right kidney related to

A

Duodenum, liver, ascending colon (all anterior)

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6
Q

What is the left related to

A

Jejunum, spleen, stomach, pancreas and descending colon

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7
Q

What is the point where nerves, lymphatic system and renal vessels exit/enter

A

Hylum

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8
Q

What is the point kidney meets ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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9
Q

Where does urine go to from the cortex/medulla nephrons

A

Renal papilla then to minor calyx then to major then renal pelvis

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10
Q

Which tissue is outer

A

Cortex, inner is medulla

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11
Q

Where does urine drain from into minor calyces

A

Renal pyramids which has an area called renal papilla where urine drains into minor calyx

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12
Q

How many minor drain into how many major

A

2-3 into 2-3 major calyx

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13
Q

Large proteins above what are not filtered into glomeuli/bowmans capsule

A

64kda

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14
Q

What happens at dct

A

Where waste products that weren’t filtered in at bc are secreted into lumen here

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15
Q

What are the capillaries called around nephrons from efferent arteriole

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

What happens at loop of henle

A

Water reabsorption

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17
Q

What happens at collecting duct

A

Water and ion control/ reabsorption dependant on ADH which increases water permeability

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18
Q

Where is PCt and dct compared to loh

A

Cortex

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19
Q

What are the venules around loop of henle called

A

Vasa recta and drain into renal veins then Vena cava

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20
Q

What is the renal artery

A

2 branches of abdominal aorta below L1

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21
Q

How many layers of sm are there to the left and right ureters from kidneys

A

3 layers for peristaltic control for urine movement into bladder

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22
Q

Do they descend behind peritoneum

A

Yes

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23
Q

Where do they enter bladder

A

Through bladders muscular walls which act as valves to stop urine retention if bladder is full

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24
Q

What ml is minimum urine in bladder as it’s never empty

A

50ml

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25
Q

Where does it sit in adults

A

When empty sits in lesser pelvis inferior to peritoneum

If full it extends superior to extraperitoneally fat / extends superior ly into abdomen and on anterior body wall

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26
Q

Where is it in infants under 6

A

Always in the abdomen even if empty

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of bladder muscle called

A

Detrusor muscles

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28
Q

Which muscles are circular vs longitudinal

A

External and inner are longitudinal vs middle is circular

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29
Q

What sits inbetween the 2 uteric orifices on posterior of bladder

A

Smooth triangular muscle region (trig one)

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30
Q

How is this diff to rest of bladder

A

Other muscle are rugae/rigdges which line majority of the bladder and flatten when full

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31
Q

What does the bladder empty to

A

Urethra after the internal spincter muscles in between pubic bones

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32
Q

What lines the ut from the renal pelvis to the urethra

A

Specialised epithelial called urothelium/transitional epithelial (inner of bladder too before muscle starts)

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33
Q

How are they different

A

Can stretch, move over eachother and flatten

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34
Q

How many cells thick is bladder full and empty

A

Empty is 5-6 vs 2-3 when full

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35
Q

Are they cuboidal or columnar in the middle layers of non distended urithelial

A

Basal cuboidal

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36
Q

What cell type is the surface layer

A

Tall columnar

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37
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter controlled by vs external

A

Ans vs voluntary

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38
Q

Why else is the internal sphincter diff to external

A

External is skeletal muscle vs inner is sm

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39
Q

What is the urethra

A

Continuation of sm of bladder

It’s a muscular tube which expels urine

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40
Q

Why are uti more common in girls

A

Urethra is shorter than males from bladder and closer to the Anal canal

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41
Q

What makes up reproductive system in females in the lesser pelvis

A

Uterus, uterine/fallopians tubes, ovaries , vagina

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42
Q

What is the vagina

A

Musculo membranous tube connecting external genitalia to the uterus/cervix

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43
Q

Superior opens to cervix. What does inferior open to

A

Vestibule Inbetween external genitalia eg labia minus and majus

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44
Q

Why is top of vagina diff to rest

A

Usually collapsed where anterior wall meets posterior but at top it’s separated by cervix

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45
Q

What is the fornix

A

Where vagina stops at cervix

46
Q

Where is the uterus in relation to bladder

A

Posterior and sits on the superior body of the bladder sometimes at an angle

47
Q

Where is the vagina in relation to pelvic muscles

A

Medial

48
Q

What is it anterior to

A

Rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal

49
Q

What is the right side posterior to vagina of uterus called vs the left of it

A

The rectouterine pouch vs vesicouterine pouch on the left of uterus

50
Q

What is the opening to the vagina called from cervix canal

A

External os (internal is to the uterus)

51
Q

Why is the external os stratified compared to squamous internal os cervix

A

Protection from acidic environment

52
Q

Which types of cells are changed in cervical cancer

A

The cervix squamous / stratified

53
Q

What is uterus for

A

Blastocyst implantation and growth of embryo

54
Q

It is tipped anterior on an angle to compared to vagina and cervix. What is this

A

Anteverted and anteflexed (anterior to cervix)

55
Q

What is the length and width if not pregnant

A

7.5 and 5cm

56
Q

What are the upper 2/3 of bladder

A

Fundus (the flat top of uterus superior to the uterine tubes)

Isthmus - narrow bit if not pregnant close to cervix / superior to cervix

57
Q

What is the outer , inner and middle layer of uterus

A

Outer - perimetrium connective tissue

Middle- myometrium

Inner- endometrium

58
Q

What is myometrium

A

Thick sm for birth and menstruation contractions and has blood vessels / nerves in them

59
Q

What is the endometrium

A

Mucous lining which proliferates and degenerates in menstruation but proliferation is site of blastocyst implantation

60
Q

What does uterus use for support

A

Pelvic floor muscles and the uterosacral ligament

61
Q

Why

A

No skeletal muscleb

62
Q

What are the ends of uterine tubes and what for

A

Fimbriae which waft ova to uterus

63
Q

What else lines tube

A

Ciliated cells for ova movement to uterus

64
Q

What occurs in the tubes

A

Fertilisation and small cell division before implantation

65
Q

Do tubes make direct connection to ovaries

A

No. They pass through the peritoneum (uterus sits below it) and open into the peritoneal cavity close to ovaries

66
Q

What does this allow

A

A direct passage from peritoneal cavity to the external environment/opening of vagina

67
Q

Where do ovaries/glands sit

A

Within the peritoneum close to lateral pelvic walls

68
Q

Other than release of ovum what happens here

A

Sex hormone release o and p

69
Q

What is menopause

A

When too much ova are degenerated over time and no ova are left /run out/ ovarian atrophy

70
Q

Where are all the male reproductive systems except the testes in scrotum

A

The lesser pelvis

71
Q

What is the line in between the penis from the bladder

A

The urethra

72
Q

What joins to form the ejaculatory gland near the prostate

A

The seminal vesicles (small bulb near prostate ) and the ductus deferens/vas deferens

73
Q

Where is the vas deferens

A

The tube which goes up from the testes up near the seminal vesicle

74
Q

What suspends the testes in the scrotum

A

Spermatic cord

75
Q

What fibrous coat covers the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

76
Q

What is inbetween septa made from tunica albuginea in testes internally

A

Seminiferous tubules which form lobules

77
Q

What do the lobules of seminiferous tubules go to next

A

Straight tubules

78
Q

What do straight tubules go into which is a network of channels

A

Rete testis

79
Q

How does the rete testis join to epidymis

A

Efferent ductule

80
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis

A

A double layer of connective tissue (visceral and parietal outer layer)

81
Q

What does visceral layer enclose

A

The testes, epidymis, inferior ductus deferens

82
Q

How is parietal different

A

Extends more superior to the distanspermatic cord

83
Q

What reduces friction between the 2 layers

A

Fluid allowing testes to move freely

84
Q

Where is the epidymis

A

Coiled tube lying posterior to the testes

85
Q

How are the epi cells of the epidymis different from head to tail

A

Height shortens at tail

86
Q

What is the epidymis for

A

Maturation and storage of spermatozoa

87
Q

What do testes do

A

Form sperm and sex hormones

88
Q

What does tail of epidymis continue into

A

The ductus deferens which then passes into the spermatic cord up

89
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

Vas deferens, bc , lymph vessels, sympathetic and somatic nerves

90
Q

What does the dd in spermatic cord do

A

Carry the sperm for ejaculstion

91
Q

What is the outer middle and inner layer of spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal

92
Q

What is the spermatic cord derived from

A

Layers of abdominal wall as testes pass through them into scrotum

93
Q

What do the veins form in the spermatic cord

A

Pampniform plexus

94
Q

Where does dd ascend and descend

A

Loops over the ureter and descends posterior to the bladder where it joins the seminal vesicles

95
Q

What are seminal vesicles which lie posteroinferior to the bladder and inferior to peritoneum for

A

Alkaline secretions with the sperm to make sperm mobility easier

96
Q

Are 2.5cm long ejaculatory ducts posterior or anterior to the prostate

A

Posterior

97
Q

Where do they enter urethra

A

Within the prostatic urethra (in prostate)

98
Q

What is prostate deep to

A

Pubic symphisis

99
Q

What is prostatic fluid

A

20-25% of semen and is Milky and thin

100
Q

Why is it important it’s acidic

A

AIDS mobility of sperm and facilitates semen coagulation

101
Q

Why is semen coagulation important

A

Better adherence to female

102
Q

Which glands sit immediately inferior to prostate

A

Bulbourethral glands

103
Q

Where do they open into urethra

A

Close to the external urethral sphincter

104
Q

What is it’s secretion

A

Transparent and viscous for lubricstion mainly and volume

105
Q

What % of semen is sperm

A

1%

106
Q

What is it called when inferior ends of kidneys fuse in development

A

Horseshoe kidney

107
Q

What are kidney stones

A

Renal or ureteric calculi are mineral condensations blocking the kidney or ureter eg where it enters bladder or at renal pelvis

108
Q

Where can ectopic pregnancies occur

A

Implantation in the cervix or abdomen instead of uterus

109
Q

Where is the seminal vesicle

A

Between Superior part of bladder and rectum behind bladder

110
Q

Where are ejaculatory ducts

A

Near neck of bladder

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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