Topic 9: UT And Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
Where do kidneys lie
A
Retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum) on the posterior body wall
At t12-L3 but right is lower
2
Q
What are they protected by
A
Rib 11 and 12
3
Q
What is it’s length and width
A
10cm long and 5cm wide
4
Q
Where is the diaphragm in relation
A
Posterior to it, it separates them from ribs and the pleural cavity
Diaphragm is superior to the kidneys
5
Q
What is the right kidney related to
A
Duodenum, liver, ascending colon (all anterior)
6
Q
What is the left related to
A
Jejunum, spleen, stomach, pancreas and descending colon
7
Q
What is the point where nerves, lymphatic system and renal vessels exit/enter
A
Hylum
8
Q
What is the point kidney meets ureter
A
Renal pelvis
9
Q
Where does urine go to from the cortex/medulla nephrons
A
Renal papilla then to minor calyx then to major then renal pelvis
10
Q
Which tissue is outer
A
Cortex, inner is medulla
11
Q
Where does urine drain from into minor calyces
A
Renal pyramids which has an area called renal papilla where urine drains into minor calyx
12
Q
How many minor drain into how many major
A
2-3 into 2-3 major calyx
13
Q
Large proteins above what are not filtered into glomeuli/bowmans capsule
A
64kda
14
Q
What happens at dct
A
Where waste products that weren’t filtered in at bc are secreted into lumen here
15
Q
What are the capillaries called around nephrons from efferent arteriole
A
Peritubular capillaries
16
Q
What happens at loop of henle
A
Water reabsorption
17
Q
What happens at collecting duct
A
Water and ion control/ reabsorption dependant on ADH which increases water permeability
18
Q
Where is PCt and dct compared to loh
A
Cortex
19
Q
What are the venules around loop of henle called
A
Vasa recta and drain into renal veins then Vena cava
20
Q
What is the renal artery
A
2 branches of abdominal aorta below L1
21
Q
How many layers of sm are there to the left and right ureters from kidneys
A
3 layers for peristaltic control for urine movement into bladder
22
Q
Do they descend behind peritoneum
A
Yes
23
Q
Where do they enter bladder
A
Through bladders muscular walls which act as valves to stop urine retention if bladder is full
24
Q
What ml is minimum urine in bladder as it’s never empty
A
50ml
25
Where does it sit in adults
When empty sits in lesser pelvis inferior to peritoneum
If full it extends superior to extraperitoneally fat / extends superior ly into abdomen and on anterior body wall
26
Where is it in infants under 6
Always in the abdomen even if empty
27
What are the 3 layers of bladder muscle called
Detrusor muscles
28
Which muscles are circular vs longitudinal
External and inner are longitudinal vs middle is circular
29
What sits inbetween the 2 uteric orifices on posterior of bladder
Smooth triangular muscle region (trig one)
30
How is this diff to rest of bladder
Other muscle are rugae/rigdges which line majority of the bladder and flatten when full
31
What does the bladder empty to
Urethra after the internal spincter muscles in between pubic bones
32
What lines the ut from the renal pelvis to the urethra
Specialised epithelial called urothelium/transitional epithelial (inner of bladder too before muscle starts)
33
How are they different
Can stretch, move over eachother and flatten
34
How many cells thick is bladder full and empty
Empty is 5-6 vs 2-3 when full
35
Are they cuboidal or columnar in the middle layers of non distended urithelial
Basal cuboidal
36
What cell type is the surface layer
Tall columnar
37
What is the internal urethral sphincter controlled by vs external
Ans vs voluntary
38
Why else is the internal sphincter diff to external
External is skeletal muscle vs inner is sm
39
What is the urethra
Continuation of sm of bladder
It’s a muscular tube which expels urine
40
Why are uti more common in girls
Urethra is shorter than males from bladder and closer to the Anal canal
41
What makes up reproductive system in females in the lesser pelvis
Uterus, uterine/fallopians tubes, ovaries , vagina
42
What is the vagina
Musculo membranous tube connecting external genitalia to the uterus/cervix
43
Superior opens to cervix. What does inferior open to
Vestibule Inbetween external genitalia eg labia minus and majus
44
Why is top of vagina diff to rest
Usually collapsed where anterior wall meets posterior but at top it’s separated by cervix
45
What is the fornix
Where vagina stops at cervix
46
Where is the uterus in relation to bladder
Posterior and sits on the superior body of the bladder sometimes at an angle
47
Where is the vagina in relation to pelvic muscles
Medial
48
What is it anterior to
Rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal
49
What is the right side posterior to vagina of uterus called vs the left of it
The rectouterine pouch vs vesicouterine pouch on the left of uterus
50
What is the opening to the vagina called from cervix canal
External os (internal is to the uterus)
51
Why is the external os stratified compared to squamous internal os cervix
Protection from acidic environment
52
Which types of cells are changed in cervical cancer
The cervix squamous / stratified
53
What is uterus for
Blastocyst implantation and growth of embryo
54
It is tipped anterior on an angle to compared to vagina and cervix. What is this
Anteverted and anteflexed (anterior to cervix)
55
What is the length and width if not pregnant
7.5 and 5cm
56
What are the upper 2/3 of bladder
Fundus (the flat top of uterus superior to the uterine tubes)
Isthmus - narrow bit if not pregnant close to cervix / superior to cervix
57
What is the outer , inner and middle layer of uterus
Outer - perimetrium connective tissue
Middle- myometrium
Inner- endometrium
58
What is myometrium
Thick sm for birth and menstruation contractions and has blood vessels / nerves in them
59
What is the endometrium
Mucous lining which proliferates and degenerates in menstruation but proliferation is site of blastocyst implantation
60
What does uterus use for support
Pelvic floor muscles and the uterosacral ligament
61
Why
No skeletal muscleb
62
What are the ends of uterine tubes and what for
Fimbriae which waft ova to uterus
63
What else lines tube
Ciliated cells for ova movement to uterus
64
What occurs in the tubes
Fertilisation and small cell division before implantation
65
Do tubes make direct connection to ovaries
No. They pass through the peritoneum (uterus sits below it) and open into the peritoneal cavity close to ovaries
66
What does this allow
A direct passage from peritoneal cavity to the external environment/opening of vagina
67
Where do ovaries/glands sit
Within the peritoneum close to lateral pelvic walls
68
Other than release of ovum what happens here
Sex hormone release o and p
69
What is menopause
When too much ova are degenerated over time and no ova are left /run out/ ovarian atrophy
70
Where are all the male reproductive systems except the testes in scrotum
The lesser pelvis
71
What is the line in between the penis from the bladder
The urethra
72
What joins to form the ejaculatory gland near the prostate
The seminal vesicles (small bulb near prostate ) and the ductus deferens/vas deferens
73
Where is the vas deferens
The tube which goes up from the testes up near the seminal vesicle
74
What suspends the testes in the scrotum
Spermatic cord
75
What fibrous coat covers the testes
Tunica albuginea
76
What is inbetween septa made from tunica albuginea in testes internally
Seminiferous tubules which form lobules
77
What do the lobules of seminiferous tubules go to next
Straight tubules
78
What do straight tubules go into which is a network of channels
Rete testis
79
How does the rete testis join to epidymis
Efferent ductule
80
What is the tunica vaginalis
A double layer of connective tissue (visceral and parietal outer layer)
81
What does visceral layer enclose
The testes, epidymis, inferior ductus deferens
82
How is parietal different
Extends more superior to the distanspermatic cord
83
What reduces friction between the 2 layers
Fluid allowing testes to move freely
84
Where is the epidymis
Coiled tube lying posterior to the testes
85
How are the epi cells of the epidymis different from head to tail
Height shortens at tail
86
What is the epidymis for
Maturation and storage of spermatozoa
87
What do testes do
Form sperm and sex hormones
88
What does tail of epidymis continue into
The ductus deferens which then passes into the spermatic cord up
89
What does the spermatic cord contain
Vas deferens, bc , lymph vessels, sympathetic and somatic nerves
90
What does the dd in spermatic cord do
Carry the sperm for ejaculstion
91
What is the outer middle and inner layer of spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal
92
What is the spermatic cord derived from
Layers of abdominal wall as testes pass through them into scrotum
93
What do the veins form in the spermatic cord
Pampniform plexus
94
Where does dd ascend and descend
Loops over the ureter and descends posterior to the bladder where it joins the seminal vesicles
95
What are seminal vesicles which lie posteroinferior to the bladder and inferior to peritoneum for
Alkaline secretions with the sperm to make sperm mobility easier
96
Are 2.5cm long ejaculatory ducts posterior or anterior to the prostate
Posterior
97
Where do they enter urethra
Within the prostatic urethra (in prostate)
98
What is prostate deep to
Pubic symphisis
99
What is prostatic fluid
20-25% of semen and is Milky and thin
100
Why is it important it’s acidic
AIDS mobility of sperm and facilitates semen coagulation
101
Why is semen coagulation important
Better adherence to female
102
Which glands sit immediately inferior to prostate
Bulbourethral glands
103
Where do they open into urethra
Close to the external urethral sphincter
104
What is it’s secretion
Transparent and viscous for lubricstion mainly and volume
105
What % of semen is sperm
1%
106
What is it called when inferior ends of kidneys fuse in development
Horseshoe kidney
107
What are kidney stones
Renal or ureteric calculi are mineral condensations blocking the kidney or ureter eg where it enters bladder or at renal pelvis
108
Where can ectopic pregnancies occur
Implantation in the cervix or abdomen instead of uterus
109
Where is the seminal vesicle
Between Superior part of bladder and rectum behind bladder
110
Where are ejaculatory ducts
Near neck of bladder
