Topic 8 - GI tract Part 1

Question 1

Explain the placement of the 3 salivary glands

Answer 1

Parotid at back. Submandibular on surface of mouth , sublingual to the front

Question 2

Explain the types of epithelium layers

Answer 2

Single squamous (1 flattened cell layer)

Single cuboidal

Single columnar (long)

Stratified squamous, columnar and epithelil

Question 3

What’s the difference between squamous and simple

Answer 3

Simple are any type of cell eg cuboidal but 1 layer vs squamous are flat cells but can be many lauers

Question 4

What sort of cells are in the mouth and tongue of oral cavity

Answer 4

Stratified squamous cells

Question 5

Why is food broken down

Answer 5

To increase sa for enzyme work

Question 6

What do the muscles of tongue and cheek do

Answer 6

Pulverise the food and form a bolus

Question 7

What do muscles of mastication do

Answer 7

Move the lower jaw

Question 8

Which mastication muscle is the major large one seen on outside to elevate the jaw

Answer 8

Temporalis

Question 9

Which other large muscle elevates but also protrudes the jaw

Answer 9

Masseter

Question 10

Which muscles move the lower jaw laterally

Answer 10

Pterygoids

Question 11

What is the upper jaw called

Answer 11

Maxilla

Question 12

What sort of saliva is produced by the submandibular

Answer 12

Serous and mucous saliva

Question 13

What do sublingual produce

Answer 13

Serous saliva

Question 14

What does parotid produce

Answer 14

Mucous saliva

Question 15

Where is production of saliva first before duct modification

Answer 15

The acinus /acini of glands

Question 16

What sort of fluid is this and what enzyme present

Answer 16

Isotonic with a amylase in it

Question 17

What does the duct do

Answer 17

Active filtration of ions like na, Cl, k, hco

Question 18

Which ans system cause larger water saliva

Answer 18

PNS

Question 19

What does sns cause

Answer 19

Thick and low amount of saliva high in mucous

Question 20

Which acinus secretes most proteins

Answer 20

Serous acinus

Question 21

The mucus acinus secretes what for lubrication

Answer 21

Mucin

Question 22

The point where ducts meet are called what

Answer 22

The intercalated ducts (both serous and mucous)

Question 23

What surrounds acinar cells

Answer 23

Myo epithelial cells

Question 24

What type of duct does the saliva go to

Answer 24

Striated duct with striated cells

Question 25

What are the functions of saliva

Answer 25

``` Lubrication via mucin Digestion eg via a amylase Speech Thirst stimulation Absorption in mouth Antibacterial ```

Question 26

What sorts of things does it have which is anti bacteria

Answer 26

Thiocyanate

Question 27

What are the 4 layers of the gi tract tube

Answer 27

Inner mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 28

What makes up the mucosa

Answer 28

Epithelium, lamina priopria and the muscularis mucosa

Question 29

What type of epi can it be

Answer 29

Any eg squamous, stratified ,columnar etc

Question 30

What is the lp

Answer 30

Loose connective tissue with immune cells

Question 31

What is the muscularis thin mucosa smooth muscle for

Answer 31

Contraction of mucosa

Question 32

What is the submucosa

Answer 32

Dense connective tissue layer

Question 33

What sorts if things does submucosa have

Answer 33

Fat stores, submucosa plexus

Question 34

What is the submucosal plexus a strand of

Answer 34

The enteric NS which is a part of the ans

Question 35

What does it control in submucosa

Answer 35

Secretion and blood flow and also relaying info from epithelium and stretch receptors in wall

Question 36

Why is enteric ns different

Answer 36

Can operate independently of the cns

Question 37

Which 2 muscle types are in the muscularis externa

Answer 37

Inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle

Question 38

What are they for

Answer 38

Pushing food down ie peristalsis

Question 39

Which plexus part of the ens lies between the muscles and allow motility

Answer 39

Myenteric plexus

Question 40

What is the serosa

Answer 40

Layer of epithelium forming part of the peritoneum

Question 41

What does peritoneum do

Answer 41

Lines abdominal cavity and organs and anchors them to body wall

Question 42

What is the first step of swallowing before a swallowing signal forms

Answer 42

Bolus formed and pushed to back of pharynx forming a swallow reflux signal

Question 43

After the swallow signal what rises to block the nasopharynx

Answer 43

The soft palate

Question 44

What allows closure of the trachea

Answer 44

Larynx rising and moving epiglottis over the trachea

Question 45

What are the 4 muscles of the tongue

Answer 45

Styloglossus , palatoglossus, hypoglossus, genioglossus

Question 46

Which muscles lift the soft palate

Answer 46

Palatine

Question 47

What lifts the larynx

Answer 47

Suprahyoid muscles

Question 48

Which sphincters push food down sequentially

Answer 48

Pharyngeal

Question 49

What is the oesophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 49

Food pushed down via peristalsis and involuntary action of smooth muscleb

Question 50

Which sphincters relax to allow food into stomach

Answer 50

Lower oesophageal sphincters

Question 51

Which type of cells are in the oesophagus (same as mouth)

Answer 51

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 52

Where is the oesophagus susceptible to hiatus hernia

Answer 52

Point where it meets the diaphragm a stomach can be pushed up the gap and reflex

Question 53

Is the lower oesophageal sphincter even a sphincter

Answer 53

No just a band of muscles which cause tension and block reflux from stomach

Question 54

How is the muscularis externa of upper 1/3 of oesophagus different to lower

Answer 54

Had skeletal muscle gs smooth muscle in the lower 2/3!

Question 55

What is present in the lp and submucosa of oesophagus

Answer 55

Mucus secretory glands

Question 56

What nerve innervates the oesophagus

Answer 56

Vagus nerve

Question 57

What is pseudostraitifejd

Answer 57

1 layer which acts as 2

Question 58

What are the muscles of the cheek and tongue for after teeth breakdown

Answer 58

Pulverisation Bolus formation

Question 59

Where does serous acinus meet mucous acinus

Answer 59

Intercalated duct then into striated duct for modification

Question 60

What cells are on basal outside of the secretory glands / salivary

Answer 60

Myoepithelium

Question 61

Why is the LP good for immunology

Answer 61

Good bloody supply and lymphatics

Question 62

How do pharyngeal constrictors contract to push food down

Answer 62

Sequentially