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Human Anatomy > Topic 5: CVS 2 > Flashcards

Topic 5: CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What sre the 3 branches of aorta at t4 for

A

Upper limbs, neck and head

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2
Q

Wgat are the 2 branches from brachiocephalic (first division on the right)

A

Right subclavian and right common carotid artery

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3
Q

What are rhe other 2 beanches

A

Left common carotid and left subclavian

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4
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries divide into internal and external (producing 4 csrotid arteries)

A

Level of c3

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5
Q

What id the internal (inner cca) for

A

Supply to the brain

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6
Q

What is the external for

A

Supply to neck, face and scalp

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7
Q

Where is the point st c3 called

A

Carotid sinus

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8
Q

Whst do the subclavian arteries supply

A

Ipper limbs, thoracic wall, shoulder and neck (both sides)

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9
Q

Where does hesrt muscle het its blood supply

A

Coronary arteries (right snd lrft)

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10
Q

Where do ca arise

A

Superior to the cusps of aortic valve from the aotic sinuses

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11
Q

Which aortic sinuses

A

Left ca from the left (more posterior) aortic sunisband

right (more anterior) aortic sinuses

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12
Q

What drains deoxygenated cardiac blood usually into the coronary sinus then into right atrium

A

Cardiac beins eg small cardiac vein

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13
Q

What does left ca supply

A

Left atrium, most left ventricle, some right, anterior part of iv septum

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14
Q

What does jt divide into anteriorly

A

Circumflex (smaller), left posterior descending/iv branch

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15
Q

What does iv branch go along in anterior

A

Iv groove

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16
Q

Which vein stemming to coronary sinus is seen on left anterior side

A

Great cardiac vein

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17
Q

Which cein to coronary sinys is seen on right side

A

Small Cardiac vein

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18
Q

What does circumflex artery go slong

A

Left av groove on left border posterior where i

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19
Q

What does it join posterioy

A

Posterior iv branch (goes down on lrft side)

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20
Q

Hat is the vein on right side which does not go to coronary sinus posteritoly

A

Anterior vein

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21
Q

Other than small cardiac vein what else is on right side (branch of rca)

A

Marginal attery ( v small on right botder)

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22
Q

What is it called when somethint branches off the artery but rejoins

A

Anastomoses

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23
Q

Give example

A

Anterior elft descending anastomoses with posteror at apex of hesrt

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24
Q

What does right suplly

A

Right atriuk, most right v, some left v and posterior iv septum

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25
Q

What ca supplies the san in 60% of people

A

Right ca via an san branch

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26
Q

Where os the posterior iv branch

A

In the crus of hesrt (xone of ia and iv septum)

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27
Q

Where does sinus deposit deox blood from thr vrins

A

Inferior wall of right atrium

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28
Q

What does cafdiac muscle sdhere to msde grom collagen dense

A

Fibrous skeleton

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29
Q

How does the fibrous skeleton support gslve opening

A

Form 4 fibrous rings and 2 firbous triangles inbeyween the rings to prevent collapse

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30
Q

Which part of the ia and iv septum does fibrous skeleton provude

A

Membranous

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31
Q

Ofher than precenting valve collapsing what other functions of fibrous skeelton

A

Electrical batrier between stria and ventricles except at av bundle

Also provide a base for attschment of leaflets and cusps of valves

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32
Q

Is cardiac muscle smooth

A

No its stritiated

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33
Q

Is cardiac mudcle under voluntary control

A

No

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34
Q

Does it require stimulstion by ns

A

No

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35
Q

What mechanisms of contrsction does it have

A

Sliding filament comtraction betwern thick and thin sarcomere filaments

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36
Q

What allows cardiac muscle to function as a functional syncytium (contract together)

A

Interconnecting fibres between cells

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37
Q

How is this diff to skeeltal

A

Skeletal is more linesr ans doesnt have electrical continuity m

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38
Q

What are cardiac cells divided by

A

Sarcolemma

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39
Q

What is inside each sarcolemma for cells

A

Intercalated discs and fibrils

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40
Q

What are intercalsted discs for

A

Seperate sarcoplasm of muscle cells, hold cells together cia tight desmosomes, all electrical excitstion cia gap junctions

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41
Q

What are the 4 electrical tissues of the hesrt

A

2 nodal tissues (one being san and then avn)
Conductivr fibres

Myocardium

42
Q

Where is san for pacemaker automstic depolarisation

A

Posterior of the right atrium (supplied by the rca)

43
Q

Explain the impulse passing from av node from san

A

Avn conducting bundles/av bundle

To annulus fibrosus

To ventricle septum (branching to left and right purkinje fibres)

44
Q

Hoe are the av bundles diff yo the purkinje

A

Bundles are narrow and slow conducting vs fast conducting which spread impulse at aprx myocardium

45
Q

Where are purkinje fibres

A

Subendocardium

46
Q

Which artery goes from aorta ti the digestive tract

A

Mesentric artery

47
Q

What carries blood from gi tract to the liver capillary befs

A

Portal vein

48
Q

What artery is the first branch from subclavian srteries to the upper limb eg shoulder/arm pit

A

Axillary

49
Q

Name in order below teh axillary in the upper limb

A

Brachial artery

Radial (outer bone)

Ulnar artery (inner small bone)

50
Q

What is below the renal arteries

A

The superior and inferior mesenteric

51
Q

The subdivision at the pelvic area before leg is what arteries

A

Common iliac artieries

52
Q

Which artery supplies blood to bottom part

A

Femoral artery/ at femur/thigh

53
Q

What 3 layers do all blood vessels have except capillaries

A 
Tunica intima (inner) 
Tunica media (middle) 
Tunica adventitia (outer)
54
Q

What is initma

A

Single endothelial layer connected to connecticr tissue. It allows to be battier to pkasma proteins etc

55
Q

What is media

A

Smooth musclr layer vsrying in elastin and collagen thickness (for elasticity and contractile power)

56
Q

What is adventitia and role

A

Connrctive tissue sheath which tethers vessels loosely in place

57
Q

What does the advetitia have in latge arteries

A

Small blood cessles (vaso vasorum) which penetrste the media for hetter blood supply

58
Q

What else can latge arteries contain

A

Nociceptice sensory fibres snd sumpathetic plexi

59
Q

What vlood cessels are the most richbin elastin media and gicr examples

A

Elastic arteries ef aorta and PA and iliac arteries

60
Q

What is their diamter

A

1-2 cm

61
Q

What forms the diastolic bp in elastic arteries

A

Recoil back after expanding in systole

62
Q

What are the second latgest vessles and examples

A

Muscular/conduit arteries eg radial, coronary, cerebral

63
Q

Diameter

A

0.1-1cm

64
Q

Is their media thicker than elastin arteries

A

Yes and They have a samller lumen sue to more smooth muscle (less elastin)

65
Q

Why do they have more muscle in media

A

To prefent collapsing eg at corners like elbows so radial needs muscle

66
Q

What do they lack

A

Elastin and collagen

67
Q

What are they innervwted by

A

Ans

68
Q

What is their role

A

Limitation of vlood loss

69
Q

Which vessels reg blood flow to limbs

A

Arterioles

70
Q

Diameter

A

Third largest at below 0.1cm

71
Q

Do they havr a latge lumen

A

No, small limen for resistance

72
Q

What are differences between proximal and distal (closer to capillaries)

A

Proximal is innerveted by sns as have much more smooth muscle

Distal has less smooth muscle and isnt innervated (too floee to capillsries)

73
Q

What sre wide shunt vessles called which bypass capillary beds

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses

74
Q

Where are the only av anastomoses and why

A

Nasal and skin mucosa

In nose to warm air
Skin for temp reg

75
Q

What are they innervated by

A

Sns

76
Q

What are anastomoses

A

Connection between 2 bessels

77
Q

Dimater of cenules vs veins

A

Venules = 0.05-0.2 cm vs veins 0.2 cm or smaller

78
Q

Do they have a thin or thick tunica media with sm and collagen

A

V thin (larger lumen)

79
Q

What do the intima have in limbs if veins

A

Valves

80
Q

Why do veins have low resistance

A

Many of them and latger lumen than artieries/arterioles

81
Q

What are they called capacitance vessels

A

Carry 2/3 of blood

82
Q

Why is it imporant veins are innervsted by sns for contrsction

A

Allows smooth muscle contraction which displaces blood resergoir to the tissues

83
Q

What is the white disc called in fentre of thorax which has the ooesphoagus and ivc in it

A

Central tendon

84
Q

What is the diamter of single endothelial capillaries

A

Below 0.007 cm (even smaller than venules at 0.05-0.1

85
Q

Are capillaries smaller than arteriovenous anastomoses

A

Yes. Theyre around same as venules

86
Q

Why does coronary arteries fill only in relaxation

A

In contraction sl valves of aorta open and block the ca but they close during relaxation so backflow goes to ca

87
Q

Which branch is from the crus

A

Right ca posterior iv branch

88
Q

What does the circumflex anastomose with

A

The posterior iv branch of rca

89
Q

Which vein doesn’t drain back to coronary sinus but directly to right atrium

A

The anterior cardiac vein on right side

90
Q

What are the veins on the posterior

A

The middle in the posterior iv groove then the posterior vein on the left side

91
Q

What is myocardial ischaemia

A

When there is a block and lack of oxygen gets to the ca and causes pain in chest

92
Q

What does myocardial ischemia lead to

A

Infarction which is dead tissue due to lack of oxygen eg blockage becomes severe

93
Q

What does infarction cause to do with san that needs defibrillator

A

Fibrillation means lack of rhythm

94
Q

How is it treated

A

Ischemia is via a healthier lifestyle

Infarction needs clot bursting agent or defibrillator

95
Q

What holds cardiac cells together even if separated by intercalated discs and also what allows electrical impulse sent to all

A

Desmososmes

Gap junctions allow electrical impulses sent

96
Q

What else separates cells other than intercalated discs

A

The sarcolemma around fibrils

97
Q

Which area of heart isn’t insulated by the fibrous skeleton allowing crossover of electrical impulse from atria to ventricle

A

Av bundle

98
Q

How are cardiac cells diff

A

They aren’t interconnected functional synctium, they are electrically separate and linear

99
Q

Where does impulses go from avn

A

Down av bundle down annulus fibrosum (insulated) then down where it bifurcates to left and right of ventricle (purkinje fibres)

100
Q

Are purkinje fast or slow conducting

A

Fast and conduct impulse spreading across ventricular myocardium

101
Q

Which component in media does veins not have a lot of

A

Elastin

102
Q

What does vasa vasorum supple to large arteries

A

With blood supply at the adventitia and outer media

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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