Topic 5: CVS 2

Question 1

What sre the 3 branches of aorta at t4 for

Answer 1

Upper limbs, neck and head

Question 2

Wgat are the 2 branches from brachiocephalic (first division on the right)

Answer 2

Right subclavian and right common carotid artery

Question 3

What are rhe other 2 beanches

Answer 3

Left common carotid and left subclavian

Question 4

Where do the common carotid arteries divide into internal and external (producing 4 csrotid arteries)

Answer 4

Level of c3

Question 5

What id the internal (inner cca) for

Answer 5

Supply to the brain

Question 6

What is the external for

Answer 6

Supply to neck, face and scalp

Question 7

Where is the point st c3 called

Answer 7

Carotid sinus

Question 8

Whst do the subclavian arteries supply

Answer 8

Ipper limbs, thoracic wall, shoulder and neck (both sides)

Question 9

Where does hesrt muscle het its blood supply

Answer 9

Coronary arteries (right snd lrft)

Question 10

Where do ca arise

Answer 10

Superior to the cusps of aortic valve from the aotic sinuses

Question 11

Which aortic sinuses

Answer 11

Left ca from the left (more posterior) aortic sunisband

right (more anterior) aortic sinuses

Question 12

What drains deoxygenated cardiac blood usually into the coronary sinus then into right atrium

Answer 12

Cardiac beins eg small cardiac vein

Question 13

What does left ca supply

Answer 13

Left atrium, most left ventricle, some right, anterior part of iv septum

Question 14

What does jt divide into anteriorly

Answer 14

Circumflex (smaller), left posterior descending/iv branch

Question 15

What does iv branch go along in anterior

Answer 15

Iv groove

Question 16

Which vein stemming to coronary sinus is seen on left anterior side

Answer 16

Great cardiac vein

Question 17

Which cein to coronary sinys is seen on right side

Answer 17

Small Cardiac vein

Question 18

What does circumflex artery go slong

Answer 18

Left av groove on left border posterior where i

Question 19

What does it join posterioy

Answer 19

Posterior iv branch (goes down on lrft side)

Question 20

Hat is the vein on right side which does not go to coronary sinus posteritoly

Answer 20

Anterior vein

Question 21

Other than small cardiac vein what else is on right side (branch of rca)

Answer 21

Marginal attery ( v small on right botder)

Question 22

What is it called when somethint branches off the artery but rejoins

Answer 22

Anastomoses

Question 23

Give example

Answer 23

Anterior elft descending anastomoses with posteror at apex of hesrt

Question 24

What does right suplly

Answer 24

Right atriuk, most right v, some left v and posterior iv septum

Question 25

What ca supplies the san in 60% of people

Answer 25

Right ca via an san branch

Question 26

Where os the posterior iv branch

Answer 26

In the crus of hesrt (xone of ia and iv septum)

Question 27

Where does sinus deposit deox blood from thr vrins

Answer 27

Inferior wall of right atrium

Question 28

What does cafdiac muscle sdhere to msde grom collagen dense

Answer 28

Fibrous skeleton

Question 29

How does the fibrous skeleton support gslve opening

Answer 29

Form 4 fibrous rings and 2 firbous triangles inbeyween the rings to prevent collapse

Question 30

Which part of the ia and iv septum does fibrous skeleton provude

Answer 30

Membranous

Question 31

Ofher than precenting valve collapsing what other functions of fibrous skeelton

Answer 31

Electrical batrier between stria and ventricles except at av bundle Also provide a base for attschment of leaflets and cusps of valves

Question 32

Is cardiac muscle smooth

Answer 32

No its stritiated

Question 33

Is cardiac mudcle under voluntary control

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Does it require stimulstion by ns

Answer 34

No

Question 35

What mechanisms of contrsction does it have

Answer 35

Sliding filament comtraction betwern thick and thin sarcomere filaments

Question 36

What allows cardiac muscle to function as a functional syncytium (contract together)

Answer 36

Interconnecting fibres between cells

Question 37

How is this diff to skeeltal

Answer 37

Skeletal is more linesr ans doesnt have electrical continuity m

Question 38

What are cardiac cells divided by

Answer 38

Sarcolemma

Question 39

What is inside each sarcolemma for cells

Answer 39

Intercalated discs and fibrils

Question 40

What are intercalsted discs for

Answer 40

Seperate sarcoplasm of muscle cells, hold cells together cia tight desmosomes, all electrical excitstion cia gap junctions

Question 41

What are the 4 electrical tissues of the hesrt

Answer 41

2 nodal tissues (one being san and then avn) Conductivr fibres Myocardium

Question 42

Where is san for pacemaker automstic depolarisation

Answer 42

Posterior of the right atrium (supplied by the rca)

Question 43

Explain the impulse passing from av node from san

Answer 43

Avn conducting bundles/av bundle To annulus fibrosus To ventricle septum (branching to left and right purkinje fibres)

Question 44

Hoe are the av bundles diff yo the purkinje

Answer 44

Bundles are narrow and slow conducting vs fast conducting which spread impulse at aprx myocardium

Question 45

Where are purkinje fibres

Answer 45

Subendocardium

Question 46

Which artery goes from aorta ti the digestive tract

Answer 46

Mesentric artery

Question 47

What carries blood from gi tract to the liver capillary befs

Answer 47

Portal vein

Question 48

What artery is the first branch from subclavian srteries to the upper limb eg shoulder/arm pit

Answer 48

Axillary

Question 49

Name in order below teh axillary in the upper limb

Answer 49

Brachial artery Radial (outer bone) Ulnar artery (inner small bone)

Question 50

What is below the renal arteries

Answer 50

The superior and inferior mesenteric

Question 51

The subdivision at the pelvic area before leg is what arteries

Answer 51

Common iliac artieries

Question 52

Which artery supplies blood to bottom part

Answer 52

Femoral artery/ at femur/thigh

Question 53

What 3 layers do all blood vessels have except capillaries

Answer 53

``` Tunica intima (inner) Tunica media (middle) Tunica adventitia (outer) ```

Question 54

What is initma

Answer 54

Single endothelial layer connected to connecticr tissue. It allows to be battier to pkasma proteins etc

Question 55

What is media

Answer 55

Smooth musclr layer vsrying in elastin and collagen thickness (for elasticity and contractile power)

Question 56

What is adventitia and role

Answer 56

Connrctive tissue sheath which tethers vessels loosely in place

Question 57

What does the advetitia have in latge arteries

Answer 57

Small blood cessles (vaso vasorum) which penetrste the media for hetter blood supply

Question 58

What else can latge arteries contain

Answer 58

Nociceptice sensory fibres snd sumpathetic plexi

Question 59

What vlood cessels are the most richbin elastin media and gicr examples

Answer 59

Elastic arteries ef aorta and PA and iliac arteries

Question 60

What is their diamter

Answer 60

1-2 cm

Question 61

What forms the diastolic bp in elastic arteries

Answer 61

Recoil back after expanding in systole

Question 62

What are the second latgest vessles and examples

Answer 62

Muscular/conduit arteries eg radial, coronary, cerebral

Question 63

Diameter

Answer 63

0.1-1cm

Question 64

Is their media thicker than elastin arteries

Answer 64

Yes and They have a samller lumen sue to more smooth muscle (less elastin)

Question 65

Why do they have more muscle in media

Answer 65

To prefent collapsing eg at corners like elbows so radial needs muscle

Question 66

What do they lack

Answer 66

Elastin and collagen

Question 67

What are they innervwted by

Answer 67

Ans

Question 68

What is their role

Answer 68

Limitation of vlood loss

Question 69

Which vessels reg blood flow to limbs

Answer 69

Arterioles

Question 70

Diameter

Answer 70

Third largest at below 0.1cm

Question 71

Do they havr a latge lumen

Answer 71

No, small limen for resistance

Question 72

What are differences between proximal and distal (closer to capillaries)

Answer 72

Proximal is innerveted by sns as have much more smooth muscle Distal has less smooth muscle and isnt innervated (too floee to capillsries)

Question 73

What sre wide shunt vessles called which bypass capillary beds

Answer 73

Arteriovenous anastomoses

Question 74

Where are the only av anastomoses and why

Answer 74

Nasal and skin mucosa In nose to warm air Skin for temp reg

Question 75

What are they innervated by

Answer 75

Sns

Question 76

What are anastomoses

Answer 76

Connection between 2 bessels

Question 77

Dimater of cenules vs veins

Answer 77

Venules = 0.05-0.2 cm vs veins 0.2 cm or smaller

Question 78

Do they have a thin or thick tunica media with sm and collagen

Answer 78

V thin (larger lumen)

Question 79

What do the intima have in limbs if veins

Answer 79

Valves

Question 80

Why do veins have low resistance

Answer 80

Many of them and latger lumen than artieries/arterioles

Question 81

What are they called capacitance vessels

Answer 81

Carry 2/3 of blood

Question 82

Why is it imporant veins are innervsted by sns for contrsction

Answer 82

Allows smooth muscle contraction which displaces blood resergoir to the tissues

Question 83

What is the white disc called in fentre of thorax which has the ooesphoagus and ivc in it

Answer 83

Central tendon

Question 84

What is the diamter of single endothelial capillaries

Answer 84

Below 0.007 cm (even smaller than venules at 0.05-0.1

Question 85

Are capillaries smaller than arteriovenous anastomoses

Answer 85

Yes. Theyre around same as venules

Question 86

Why does coronary arteries fill only in relaxation

Answer 86

In contraction sl valves of aorta open and block the ca but they close during relaxation so backflow goes to ca

Question 87

Which branch is from the crus

Answer 87

Right ca posterior iv branch

Question 88

What does the circumflex anastomose with

Answer 88

The posterior iv branch of rca

Question 89

Which vein doesn’t drain back to coronary sinus but directly to right atrium

Answer 89

The anterior cardiac vein on right side

Question 90

What are the veins on the posterior

Answer 90

The middle in the posterior iv groove then the posterior vein on the left side

Question 91

What is myocardial ischaemia

Answer 91

When there is a block and lack of oxygen gets to the ca and causes pain in chest

Question 92

What does myocardial ischemia lead to

Answer 92

Infarction which is dead tissue due to lack of oxygen eg blockage becomes severe

Question 93

What does infarction cause to do with san that needs defibrillator

Answer 93

Fibrillation means lack of rhythm

Question 94

How is it treated

Answer 94

Ischemia is via a healthier lifestyle Infarction needs clot bursting agent or defibrillator

Question 95

What holds cardiac cells together even if separated by intercalated discs and also what allows electrical impulse sent to all

Answer 95

Desmososmes Gap junctions allow electrical impulses sent

Question 96

What else separates cells other than intercalated discs

Answer 96

The sarcolemma around fibrils

Question 97

Which area of heart isn’t insulated by the fibrous skeleton allowing crossover of electrical impulse from atria to ventricle

Answer 97

Av bundle

Question 98

How are cardiac cells diff

Answer 98

They aren’t interconnected functional synctium, they are electrically separate and linear

Question 99

Where does impulses go from avn

Answer 99

Down av bundle down annulus fibrosum (insulated) then down where it bifurcates to left and right of ventricle (purkinje fibres)

Question 100

Are purkinje fast or slow conducting

Answer 100

Fast and conduct impulse spreading across ventricular myocardium

Question 101

Which component in media does veins not have a lot of

Answer 101

Elastin

Question 102

What does vasa vasorum supple to large arteries

Answer 102

With blood supply at the adventitia and outer media