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Human Anatomy > Topic 7- Immune System > Flashcards

Topic 7- Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are granulocytes

A

White blood cells with granules

Neutrophils , basophils, macrophages, eosinophils

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2
Q

What is the most dominant granulocyte and involved in inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

How do you distinguish them from others

A

Multi loved (3 loved nuclei)

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4
Q

What are eosinophils for

A

Atopic asthma and parasitic infections

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5
Q

What do they look like

A

Usually 2 lobes and then granules/dots outside of them

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6
Q

Which granulocyres are lowest in numbers in blood

A

Basophils

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7
Q

What sort of dye stains basophils and what does this mean

A

Basic dyes meaning they have acidic granules

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8
Q

What sort of things do they contain

A

Histamine, lt, vasoactive mediators, paf

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9
Q

How do you find macrophages and distinguish against lymphocytes

A

Uni lobed nucleus and bigger than lymphocytes which look the same as macrophages

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10
Q

Which cells are more dotty when stained basophils or mast cells

A

Mast cells. Have heavier granules

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11
Q

Name the 3 types of lymphocytes

A

B , t and NK cells

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12
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Granular cells which detect and attack virally infected cells even without ag receptors

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13
Q

Where are mast cells seen

A

Small blood vessels , connective tissue, mucosa

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14
Q

Where do they originate

A

Heamatopoirtic sc in primary lymphoid organs the bm and thymus

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15
Q

Which cells can move to secondary lymphoid organs once made to increase ag encounters

A

Lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

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16
Q

Give all secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Adenoids, tonsils, peyers patch, appendix, lymph nodes, spleen, subclavian veins, bone marrow, large intestine, thoracic duct in thorax, thymus near heart

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17
Q

What other types of cells are made in bone marrow other than immune cells

A

Rbc and platelets

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18
Q

What are primary lymph also called

A

Central lymphoid organs

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of marrow

A

Red for haemotopoiesis

Yellow for adipocytes

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20
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in children vs adults

A

Occurs in all medullary cavities in children but only the axial skeleton in adults, all other cavities are adipocytes filled

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21
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop from

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

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22
Q

Explain the diversion from clp

A

To pre b and pre T cells

Pre b then make pro B cells

T cells make NK cells or pro t cells

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23
Q

Which cells are made entirely in bm vs thymus

A

B cells in bm, pre T cells move to the thymus for development

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24
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Deep to the sternum in the neck, inferior to the larynx

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25
Q

When does it start to stop enlarging

A

Puberty

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26
Q

Where do pro T cells enter for positive selection to see if they recognise MHC 1 or 2 and which cells

A

Cortex

Via cortical epi cells presenting MHC 1 or 2

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27
Q

What happens to the 95% that don’t recognise it

A

Apoptosis after 4 days

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28
Q

What happens to those receiving survival signal

A

Move to medullary region where negative selection occurs and those who recognise self peptide too well die after 4 days

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29
Q

Is lymphocyte migration to secondary lymphoid / peripheral lymphoid organs random

A

No. They bind and home specifically

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30
Q

How do they enter the slt

A

Via HEVs which express adhesion molecules which lymphocytes bind to and enter in

31
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Lymphocyte migration to lymph node

32
Q

What are lymph vessels

A

Vessels which drain lymph (fluid) from connective tissue/infective sites

33
Q

Where do they empty

A

Via the thoracic duct draining it to the right subclavian vein (joins to the vena cava)

34
Q

What does lymph unidirectional flow depend on

A

Valves

35
Q

What does this process allow

A

Ag to get to the lymph nodes from connective tissue to the lymph vessels to TD to subclavian vein to lymph nodes

36
Q

Where do lymph nodes aggregate

A

Neck and groins mainly

37
Q

Where do afferent lymph vessels enter

A

The cortex (outside of lymph node)

Then pass through paracortex

Then out via efferent vessel at medullary area

38
Q

What are the areas without a blob/germinal centre on the cortex area(outside) called

A

Primary lymphoid follicles where mostly b cells

39
Q

Where are the T cells mostly

A

Paracrotical area (below the follicles)

40
Q

What is the middle but which looks like a star called

A

Medullary sinus

41
Q

What surrounds the medullary sinus

A

Medullary cords with macrophages and plasma cells

42
Q

Where do hevs wtih lymphocytes enter lymph nodes

A

Paracortex

43
Q

Where are resting vs active B cells

A

Resting in primary vs active are in the germinal cnetre forming secondary follicles

44
Q

What happens if no ag are met in lymph nodes

A

Leave via the efferent and get to blood through the thoracic duct

45
Q

Where is the spleen in respect to ribs

A

Posterior behind ribs at T9-11

46
Q

How are ribs separated from spleen

A

Diaphragm

47
Q

Which area of the abdomen is it in and what does it rest on

A

Left lumbar next to tail of pancreas and rests on the left colic flexure

48
Q

Where is ag from blood filtered in the spleen to t, b and dc cells

A

White pulp

49
Q

What does the red pulp do

A

Filtration of the well perfused spleen and removing damaged or old RBCs

50
Q

Which artery and vein run through spleen

A

Trabecular artery and vein

51
Q

What is the outside of spleen called

A

Capsule

52
Q

What is the outer bit of white pulp calle

A

Marginal zone

53
Q

What is inside of the marginal zone

A

Marginal sinus

54
Q

The big circle in middle is called what and what is it surrounded by

A

The germinal centre surrounded by the b cell corona

55
Q

What is the other part which isn’t the bbcell corona called inside of the marginal sinus

A

PALS (T cell zone)

Peri arteriolar lymphoid sheath

56
Q

What runs through pals

A

Central arteriole as red pulp is highly perfused

57
Q

What makes up the galt

A

Adenoids/tonsils, peyers patch , appendix

58
Q

What are the tonsils divided by and where are the adenoids

A

Uvula dangly rhing in the back of mouth

Adenoids are behind nose and soft palate

59
Q

What are the wrinkles on tonsils called

A

Crypts

60
Q

Where are peyers patches in si mainly

A

The ileum under the epithelial cells

61
Q

What sorts of follicles are present

A

Primary and secondary but T cell follicles usually lower down

62
Q

What presents ag to them mainly

A

M cells

63
Q

What is the appendix associated with

A

The caecum right of the large intestine

64
Q

Does it have a definite role in immune system or is it just an area prone to infection

A

Not proved yet but v susceptible

65
Q

What artery supplies it

A

Appendicular arteryb

66
Q

What dyes stain eosinophils

A

Acidic dyes like eosin as they have basic protiens

67
Q

What is outside of lymph node called

A

Marginal sinus

68
Q

Where do lymphocytes and some phagocytes enter lymph node

A

Hev where they detect ag. If ag no detected it will leave again via efferent lymph vessel entering blood via thoracic duct

69
Q

What blood supplies run close to the pulp

A

Trabecular

70
Q

What separates white pulp from red pulp in spleen

A

The marginal zone

71
Q

What surrounds the germinal centres in spleen

A

B cell corona

72
Q

Are B cells in cortex or medulla of lymph node

A

Cortex

73
Q

Where do T cells enter ln

A

Hev at paracortical area

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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