Topic 7- Immune System Flashcards by Anna Safrankova

What are granulocytes

White blood cells with granules

Neutrophils , basophils, macrophages, eosinophils

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What is the most dominant granulocyte and involved in inflammation

Neutrophils

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How do you distinguish them from others

Multi loved (3 loved nuclei)

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What are eosinophils for

Atopic asthma and parasitic infections

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What do they look like

Usually 2 lobes and then granules/dots outside of them

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Which granulocyres are lowest in numbers in blood

Basophils

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What sort of dye stains basophils and what does this mean

Basic dyes meaning they have acidic granules

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What sort of things do they contain

Histamine, lt, vasoactive mediators, paf

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How do you find macrophages and distinguish against lymphocytes

Uni lobed nucleus and bigger than lymphocytes which look the same as macrophages

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Which cells are more dotty when stained basophils or mast cells

Mast cells. Have heavier granules

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Name the 3 types of lymphocytes

B , t and NK cells

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What do NK cells do

Granular cells which detect and attack virally infected cells even without ag receptors

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Where are mast cells seen

Small blood vessels , connective tissue, mucosa

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Where do they originate

Heamatopoirtic sc in primary lymphoid organs the bm and thymus

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Which cells can move to secondary lymphoid organs once made to increase ag encounters

Lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

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Give all secondary lymphoid tissues

Adenoids, tonsils, peyers patch, appendix, lymph nodes, spleen, subclavian veins, bone marrow, large intestine, thoracic duct in thorax, thymus near heart

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What other types of cells are made in bone marrow other than immune cells

Rbc and platelets

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What are primary lymph also called

Central lymphoid organs

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What are the 2 types of marrow

Red for haemotopoiesis

Yellow for adipocytes

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Where does haematopoiesis occur in children vs adults

Occurs in all medullary cavities in children but only the axial skeleton in adults, all other cavities are adipocytes filled

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Where do lymphocytes develop from

Common lymphoid progenitor

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Explain the diversion from clp

To pre b and pre T cells

Pre b then make pro B cells

T cells make NK cells or pro t cells

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Which cells are made entirely in bm vs thymus

B cells in bm, pre T cells move to the thymus for development

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Where is the thymus located

Deep to the sternum in the neck, inferior to the larynx

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When does it start to stop enlarging

Puberty

Where do pro T cells enter for positive selection to see if they recognise MHC 1 or 2 and which cells

Cortex Via cortical epi cells presenting MHC 1 or 2

What happens to the 95% that don’t recognise it

Apoptosis after 4 days

What happens to those receiving survival signal

Move to medullary region where negative selection occurs and those who recognise self peptide too well die after 4 days

Is lymphocyte migration to secondary lymphoid / peripheral lymphoid organs random

No. They bind and home specifically

How do they enter the slt

Via HEVs which express adhesion molecules which lymphocytes bind to and enter in

What is diapedesis

Lymphocyte migration to lymph node

What are lymph vessels

Vessels which drain lymph (fluid) from connective tissue/infective sites

Where do they empty

Via the thoracic duct draining it to the right subclavian vein (joins to the vena cava)

What does lymph unidirectional flow depend on

Valves

What does this process allow

Ag to get to the lymph nodes from connective tissue to the lymph vessels to TD to subclavian vein to lymph nodes

Where do lymph nodes aggregate

Neck and groins mainly

Where do afferent lymph vessels enter

The cortex (outside of lymph node) Then pass through paracortex Then out via efferent vessel at medullary area

What are the areas without a blob/germinal centre on the cortex area(outside) called

Primary lymphoid follicles where mostly b cells

Where are the T cells mostly

Paracrotical area (below the follicles)

What is the middle but which looks like a star called

Medullary sinus

What surrounds the medullary sinus

Medullary cords with macrophages and plasma cells

Where do hevs wtih lymphocytes enter lymph nodes

Paracortex

Where are resting vs active B cells

Resting in primary vs active are in the germinal cnetre forming secondary follicles

What happens if no ag are met in lymph nodes

Leave via the efferent and get to blood through the thoracic duct

Where is the spleen in respect to ribs

Posterior behind ribs at T9-11

How are ribs separated from spleen

Diaphragm

Which area of the abdomen is it in and what does it rest on

Left lumbar next to tail of pancreas and rests on the left colic flexure

Where is ag from blood filtered in the spleen to t, b and dc cells

White pulp

What does the red pulp do

Filtration of the well perfused spleen and removing damaged or old RBCs

Which artery and vein run through spleen

Trabecular artery and vein

What is the outside of spleen called

Capsule

What is the outer bit of white pulp calle

Marginal zone

What is inside of the marginal zone

Marginal sinus

The big circle in middle is called what and what is it surrounded by

The germinal centre surrounded by the b cell corona

What is the other part which isn’t the bbcell corona called inside of the marginal sinus

PALS (T cell zone) Peri arteriolar lymphoid sheath

What runs through pals

Central arteriole as red pulp is highly perfused

What makes up the galt

Adenoids/tonsils, peyers patch , appendix

What are the tonsils divided by and where are the adenoids

Uvula dangly rhing in the back of mouth Adenoids are behind nose and soft palate

What are the wrinkles on tonsils called

Crypts

Where are peyers patches in si mainly

The ileum under the epithelial cells

What sorts of follicles are present

Primary and secondary but T cell follicles usually lower down

What presents ag to them mainly

M cells

What is the appendix associated with

The caecum right of the large intestine

Does it have a definite role in immune system or is it just an area prone to infection

Not proved yet but v susceptible

What artery supplies it

Appendicular arteryb

What dyes stain eosinophils

Acidic dyes like eosin as they have basic protiens

What is outside of lymph node called

Marginal sinus

Where do lymphocytes and some phagocytes enter lymph node

Hev where they detect ag. If ag no detected it will leave again via efferent lymph vessel entering blood via thoracic duct

What blood supplies run close to the pulp

Trabecular

What separates white pulp from red pulp in spleen

The marginal zone

What surrounds the germinal centres in spleen

B cell corona

Are B cells in cortex or medulla of lymph node

Cortex

Where do T cells enter ln

Hev at paracortical area