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Human Anatomy > Topic 7- Immune System > Flashcards

Topic 7- Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are granulocytes

A

White blood cells with granules

Neutrophils , basophils, macrophages, eosinophils

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2
Q

What is the most dominant granulocyte and involved in inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

How do you distinguish them from others

A

Multi loved (3 loved nuclei)

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4
Q

What are eosinophils for

A

Atopic asthma and parasitic infections

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5
Q

What do they look like

A

Usually 2 lobes and then granules/dots outside of them

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6
Q

Which granulocyres are lowest in numbers in blood

A

Basophils

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7
Q

What sort of dye stains basophils and what does this mean

A

Basic dyes meaning they have acidic granules

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8
Q

What sort of things do they contain

A

Histamine, lt, vasoactive mediators, paf

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9
Q

How do you find macrophages and distinguish against lymphocytes

A

Uni lobed nucleus and bigger than lymphocytes which look the same as macrophages

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10
Q

Which cells are more dotty when stained basophils or mast cells

A

Mast cells. Have heavier granules

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11
Q

Name the 3 types of lymphocytes

A

B , t and NK cells

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12
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Granular cells which detect and attack virally infected cells even without ag receptors

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13
Q

Where are mast cells seen

A

Small blood vessels , connective tissue, mucosa

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14
Q

Where do they originate

A

Heamatopoirtic sc in primary lymphoid organs the bm and thymus

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15
Q

Which cells can move to secondary lymphoid organs once made to increase ag encounters

A

Lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

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16
Q

Give all secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Adenoids, tonsils, peyers patch, appendix, lymph nodes, spleen, subclavian veins, bone marrow, large intestine, thoracic duct in thorax, thymus near heart

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17
Q

What other types of cells are made in bone marrow other than immune cells

A

Rbc and platelets

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18
Q

What are primary lymph also called

A

Central lymphoid organs

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of marrow

A

Red for haemotopoiesis

Yellow for adipocytes

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20
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in children vs adults

A

Occurs in all medullary cavities in children but only the axial skeleton in adults, all other cavities are adipocytes filled

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21
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop from

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

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22
Q

Explain the diversion from clp

A

To pre b and pre T cells

Pre b then make pro B cells

T cells make NK cells or pro t cells

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23
Q

Which cells are made entirely in bm vs thymus

A

B cells in bm, pre T cells move to the thymus for development

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24
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Deep to the sternum in the neck, inferior to the larynx

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25
When does it start to stop enlarging
Puberty
26
Where do pro T cells enter for positive selection to see if they recognise MHC 1 or 2 and which cells
Cortex Via cortical epi cells presenting MHC 1 or 2
27
What happens to the 95% that don’t recognise it
Apoptosis after 4 days
28
What happens to those receiving survival signal
Move to medullary region where negative selection occurs and those who recognise self peptide too well die after 4 days
29
Is lymphocyte migration to secondary lymphoid / peripheral lymphoid organs random
No. They bind and home specifically
30
How do they enter the slt
Via HEVs which express adhesion molecules which lymphocytes bind to and enter in
31
What is diapedesis
Lymphocyte migration to lymph node
32
What are lymph vessels
Vessels which drain lymph (fluid) from connective tissue/infective sites
33
Where do they empty
Via the thoracic duct draining it to the right subclavian vein (joins to the vena cava)
34
What does lymph unidirectional flow depend on
Valves
35
What does this process allow
Ag to get to the lymph nodes from connective tissue to the lymph vessels to TD to subclavian vein to lymph nodes
36
Where do lymph nodes aggregate
Neck and groins mainly
37
Where do afferent lymph vessels enter
The cortex (outside of lymph node) Then pass through paracortex Then out via efferent vessel at medullary area
38
What are the areas without a blob/germinal centre on the cortex area(outside) called
Primary lymphoid follicles where mostly b cells
39
Where are the T cells mostly
Paracrotical area (below the follicles)
40
What is the middle but which looks like a star called
Medullary sinus
41
What surrounds the medullary sinus
Medullary cords with macrophages and plasma cells
42
Where do hevs wtih lymphocytes enter lymph nodes
Paracortex
43
Where are resting vs active B cells
Resting in primary vs active are in the germinal cnetre forming secondary follicles
44
What happens if no ag are met in lymph nodes
Leave via the efferent and get to blood through the thoracic duct
45
Where is the spleen in respect to ribs
Posterior behind ribs at T9-11
46
How are ribs separated from spleen
Diaphragm
47
Which area of the abdomen is it in and what does it rest on
Left lumbar next to tail of pancreas and rests on the left colic flexure
48
Where is ag from blood filtered in the spleen to t, b and dc cells
White pulp
49
What does the red pulp do
Filtration of the well perfused spleen and removing damaged or old RBCs
50
Which artery and vein run through spleen
Trabecular artery and vein
51
What is the outside of spleen called
Capsule
52
What is the outer bit of white pulp calle
Marginal zone
53
What is inside of the marginal zone
Marginal sinus
54
The big circle in middle is called what and what is it surrounded by
The germinal centre surrounded by the b cell corona
55
What is the other part which isn’t the bbcell corona called inside of the marginal sinus
PALS (T cell zone) Peri arteriolar lymphoid sheath
56
What runs through pals
Central arteriole as red pulp is highly perfused
57
What makes up the galt
Adenoids/tonsils, peyers patch , appendix
58
What are the tonsils divided by and where are the adenoids
Uvula dangly rhing in the back of mouth Adenoids are behind nose and soft palate
59
What are the wrinkles on tonsils called
Crypts
60
Where are peyers patches in si mainly
The ileum under the epithelial cells
61
What sorts of follicles are present
Primary and secondary but T cell follicles usually lower down
62
What presents ag to them mainly
M cells
63
What is the appendix associated with
The caecum right of the large intestine
64
Does it have a definite role in immune system or is it just an area prone to infection
Not proved yet but v susceptible
65
What artery supplies it
Appendicular arteryb
66
What dyes stain eosinophils
Acidic dyes like eosin as they have basic protiens
67
What is outside of lymph node called
Marginal sinus
68
Where do lymphocytes and some phagocytes enter lymph node
Hev where they detect ag. If ag no detected it will leave again via efferent lymph vessel entering blood via thoracic duct
69
What blood supplies run close to the pulp
Trabecular
70
What separates white pulp from red pulp in spleen
The marginal zone
71
What surrounds the germinal centres in spleen
B cell corona
72
Are B cells in cortex or medulla of lymph node
Cortex
73
Where do T cells enter ln
Hev at paracortical area

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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