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Human Anatomy > Gi Tract Part 2 > Flashcards

Gi Tract Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 branches leave the aorta and supply gi tract and what lumbar level

A

Coeliac trunk (superior of L1)

Superior mesenteric artery (inferior of L1)

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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2
Q

What does coeliac trunk supply

A

Oesophagus, stomach, liver, superior duodenum and pancreas

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3
Q

What are the main branches of coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery (which has oesophageal branches)

Common hepatic

Splenic artery

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4
Q

What supplies the stomach

A

The left and right gastric supply the lesser curvature

Left and right gastroepiploic supply greater curvature

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5
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery

A

Short gastric branches for fundus supply

Splenic branches

Left gastroepiploic

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6
Q

What supplies the superior duodenum and pancreas and what does it stem from

A

The pancreaticoduodenal artery

The right one is a branch from the common hepatic artery

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7
Q

What else supplies the pancreas

A

The splenic artery

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8
Q

Where does the right gastric artery stem from

A

Also the common hepatic duct and supplies also the lesser curvature of stomach

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9
Q

Which other 3 branches of the common hepatic are there

A

Left branch, right branch and the cystic artery

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10
Q

What does the superior mesenteric supply

A

From inferior duodenum to the right colic flexure

Supplies all of the si from inferior duodenum
Suppplies large from vermiform appendix/caecum to right colic flexure and transverse colon

Also supplies the inferior pancreas/duodenum

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11
Q

What from the superior mesenteric supplies pancreas and inferior duodenum

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

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12
Q

What are arcades

A

Large loops of branches which supply the jejunum and ileum

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13
Q

Where are the arcades

A

In the mesentery (peritoneum which attaches si to wall)

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14
Q

Which branch from superior mesenteric supplies the terminal ileum, vermiform appendix and inferior ascending colon

A

Ileocolic artery

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15
Q

Which artery supplies the superior ascending colon and the transverse colon

A

Right colic artery and middle colic artery for transverse

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16
Q

Which branch artery from the inferior mesenteric branch anastomoses with the middle colic artery from the superior mesenteric

A

The left colic artery

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17
Q

Which artery branch from inferior ma supplies the sigmoid colon

A

Sigmoidal

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18
Q

Which part of the rectum is supplied by the superior rectal artery branch of ima

A

The proximal rectum (distal not supplied by abdominal aorta)

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19
Q

What are the parts of the stomach

A 
Fundus 
Body
Antrum
Pyloric sphincter 
Lesser curvature at top 
Greater curvature below
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20
Q

What do the fundus and body secrete and from whcih cells

A

Gastric acid from parietal cells

Pepsinogen from chief cells

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21
Q

What does the antrum release

A

Endocrine like histamine, gastrin and somatostatin

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22
Q

What do these endocrine do

A

Control secretions and gastric motility

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23
Q

What are the incisions which look like villi but aren’t called in stomach mucosa

A

Gastric pits

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24
Q

Where are the parietal usually

A

Top of the gastric pits/ mucosa and they’re surface epithelial

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25
What is diff about the muscularis externa of the stomach
Has inner oblique muscles inner to even circular muscles
26
What are they for
Distension of stomach/ bloating
27
Which type of epithelium are in stomach
Columnar
28
Which 2 things in stomach help protect from pathogens and acid
Tight junction between epi cells Alkaline secretions by mucous cells neutralise acid
29
Are there goblet cells in stomach
No just mucous cells
30
What is the peritoneum
Layer of connective tissue covering the abdominal organs
31
What peritoneum covers the stomach
Omentum
32
What covers the intestines
The mesentery
33
What is the space within the peritoneum between organs
Peritoneal cavity
34
What is the job of peritoneum
Anchors organs to posterior body wall and allows blood supply to them via vessels
35
What is the part where peritoneum is disrupted in the higher abdomen
The falciform ligament
36
What are the 4 parts of duodenum starting superior
Superior Then descending to L3 Then horizontal Then ascending to L2 (where it becomes jejunum)
37
Which part of small intestine receives digestive secretions
Descending
38
From where
The bile duct transporting secretions from liver and gb | And from pancreas via pancreatic duct
39
Where is superior
Superior and Posterior to L1
40
Where is descending and what does it cross over
At level of L3 and crosses over kidney
41
Where is and where does horizontal duodenum travel
At L3 and travels to left across the aorta
42
Where is the ascending and where does it become the jejunum
It is to the left of the aorta and at L2 becomes jejunum
43
Where are the primary sites of absorption
Jejunum and ileum
44
Which is longer
Ileum 3/5 metres
45
What is the mesentery an extension of
The serosa
46
What is the functional unit of absorption in intestines
The villi in the small intestine
47
What sort of epithelium are on the villi and crypts
Simple columnar
48
Which vessels does each villi contain and what do they transport
Capillary and a lymph vessel Capillary transports absorbed aa and monosaccharides Lymph vessel carries fats absorbed in the intestine
49
Where do they carry these absorbed materials to
Portal vein
50
What are the 4 types of cells in small intestine
Absorptive/enterocytes Goblet Granular Apud cells
51
Which ascend up the villi and which stay in crypt
Granular and apud stay in crypt Absorptive and goblet ascend up and then renewed
52
Which are most important for absorption and secrete digestive enzymes
Absorptive / enterocytes
53
What are granular cells for
Secrete enzymes and protect epithelium from bacteria
54
What are apud cells for in the crypt
Endocrine secretions which control motility and secretions of gi
55
Where is the liver
Right upper quadrant to the epigastric region | Under the diaphrsgm
56
Explain the structure of the liver
Large right lobe and left smaller lobe Divided by the falciform ligament Below and on the posterior view is the gall bladder linking to the common bile duct
57
Which vessels seen on liver
Hepatic artery and portal vein (from intestines) Also inferior vena cava linked to hepatic veins
58
What does portal vein contain which needs filtered in liver and explain path from capillaries to liver
Monosach, aa , fats from the capillaries and lymph vessels of si Capillaries go into mesenteric veins then into the portal vein then enter (deox blood)
59
Other than intestines what does portal vein receive blood from
Spleen and stomach
60
What epi cells in liver form a 3d lattice shaped like a hexagon
Hepatocytes
61
What runs between hepatocytes and allows them to be in contact with the portal blood
Sinusoids
62
What 3 vessels are in liver lobules (hexagon shape)
Portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery (supplies ox blood)
63
How do products of hepatocytes drain to left/right bile duct
Canaliculi channels
64
Where does bile drain from liver
The right and left hepatic bile ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct which then joins the cystic duct from bile to for common bile duct
65
Where does bile from common hepatic duct go
Either gall bladder for storage or straight to descending duodenum
66
What triggers bile to drain from gb down cystic down cbd to duodenum
Food in the duodenum
67
What do all ducts combine to form
Biliary duct
68
How does liver have glucose functions
Stores it as glycogen in glycogenesis in insulin presence then releases it via glycogenolysis
69
Which 3 things other than bile does liver synthesise
Cholesterol, lipoproteins and proteins
70
Which protein is a transporter and most abundantly made in liver
Albumin
71
What does it do
Transporter but also helps maintain fluid reabsorption in tissues from blood
72
What would happen without albumin
Oedema
73
Which other proteins are made in liver
Clotting factors
74
What are cholesterols used for
Cell membranes or sex hormones or excreted if waste in bile
75
What are bile salts for
Emulsifying lipids so they increase sa for better absorption
76
Which vitamins does liver fat store
Aedk
77
What happens to drugs and their metabolite byproducts in liver
Either excreted in bile or released to blood to excrete form kidney
78
What does ammonia get converted to in liver for kidney release
Urea
79
What from spleen is modified by liver to be excreted in bile
Bilirubin from old rbc
80
Where is bile made
Hepatocytes
81
What in bile increases ph and why
HCO to reduce gastric acidity and prevent intestinal damage
82
Where is the pancreas
Superior umbilical region crossing to left lumbar. Deep and inferior to stomach. Horizontal across posterior body wall
83
What is the exocrine gland called of pancreas which releases enzymes for digestion from the acinus
Tubuloacinar gland
84
Where does the pancreatic juice from acinus get modified
In the ducts
85
What does pancreatic juice in pancreatic duct join to form the ampulla of vater
The common bile duct
86
What controls the engerance of juices from pancreas to descending duodenum
The sphincter of oddi
87
Which 2 elements does pancreatic juice have
Alkaline HCO to neutralise the gastric acid Pre enzyme secretions whcih get activated in the gut for digestion
88
What innervates pancreatic juice secretions
Ans where sns refuces vs PNS increases Also other endocrine influence it
89
What are the prepeptidases (pre enzymes) released from pancreas called
Zymogens
90
Which zymogen is converted to active first
Trypsinogen to trypsin
91
What does the trypsin then allow
Activation of procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase and also chymotrypsinogen to trypsinogen
92
What sort of epi cells are in colon LI
Simple columnar
93
Give the differences in the cells from si
Not villous, only have crypts Also have absorptive, goblet and apud but apud are more sparse Have more goblet cells than si
94
Where does the caecum first section of li start
The ileocaecal junction (right inferior quadrant)
95
What does caecum contain
The vermiform appendix
96
How is the longitudinal muscle in the colon (except for appendix anal and rectum) different
Is incomplete and forms 3 bands called taenia coli
97
What are they for
Peristalsis aiding
98
Where does rectum begin
S3
99
What are the wiggly lines where rectum meets anis
Zone of epithelium called the anal columnw
100
What is below the anal column
Anal canal and the internal/external anal sphincters
101
What is the pubic muscle called around the Anus and rectum
Puborectalis
102
What is the main function of the large intestine
Absorb water and ions through absorptive cells
103
Where in the colon are some nutrients also absorbed
Proximal colon
104
What is the mnemonic to learn the abdmonial aorta branches
``` In (inferior phrenic nerve to diaphragm) Case (coeliac) My (middle suprarenal) Students (superior mesenteric) Really (renal) Love (lumbar multiples) Games (gonadal) I’m (inferior mesenteric) Monopoly ```
105
What are the branches from splenic
Short gastric for fundus Splenic branches to spleen Left gastroepiploic for greater curvature
106
What are the common hepatic branches
Right and left hepatic Cystic artery Gastroduodenal Right gastric to right lesser curvature
107
What does gastroduodenal branch to
Anterior and posterior pancreatico duodenal branch | And right gastroepiploic for right greater curvature
108
Which branch from superior mesenteric anastomses with a branch from coeliac
The inferior pancreaticodudenum which supplies inferior duodenum and pancreas. Anastomses with the hepatic branch of superior pancreaticoduodenum from gastro duodenal branch
109
Explain the levels of duodenum
Superior is at L1 from the stomach Descending travels across kidney at L3 Horizontal travels across aorta at L3 Ascending goes to L2 on left of heart where it starts jejunum
110
What are sinusoids
Channels running from the hepatic vein to the triad/portal vein+hepatic artery+ bile duct

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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