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Human Anatomy > Gi Tract Part 2 > Flashcards

Gi Tract Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 branches leave the aorta and supply gi tract and what lumbar level

A

Coeliac trunk (superior of L1)

Superior mesenteric artery (inferior of L1)

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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2
Q

What does coeliac trunk supply

A

Oesophagus, stomach, liver, superior duodenum and pancreas

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3
Q

What are the main branches of coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery (which has oesophageal branches)

Common hepatic

Splenic artery

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4
Q

What supplies the stomach

A

The left and right gastric supply the lesser curvature

Left and right gastroepiploic supply greater curvature

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5
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery

A

Short gastric branches for fundus supply

Splenic branches

Left gastroepiploic

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6
Q

What supplies the superior duodenum and pancreas and what does it stem from

A

The pancreaticoduodenal artery

The right one is a branch from the common hepatic artery

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7
Q

What else supplies the pancreas

A

The splenic artery

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8
Q

Where does the right gastric artery stem from

A

Also the common hepatic duct and supplies also the lesser curvature of stomach

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9
Q

Which other 3 branches of the common hepatic are there

A

Left branch, right branch and the cystic artery

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10
Q

What does the superior mesenteric supply

A

From inferior duodenum to the right colic flexure

Supplies all of the si from inferior duodenum
Suppplies large from vermiform appendix/caecum to right colic flexure and transverse colon

Also supplies the inferior pancreas/duodenum

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11
Q

What from the superior mesenteric supplies pancreas and inferior duodenum

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

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12
Q

What are arcades

A

Large loops of branches which supply the jejunum and ileum

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13
Q

Where are the arcades

A

In the mesentery (peritoneum which attaches si to wall)

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14
Q

Which branch from superior mesenteric supplies the terminal ileum, vermiform appendix and inferior ascending colon

A

Ileocolic artery

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15
Q

Which artery supplies the superior ascending colon and the transverse colon

A

Right colic artery and middle colic artery for transverse

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16
Q

Which branch artery from the inferior mesenteric branch anastomoses with the middle colic artery from the superior mesenteric

A

The left colic artery

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17
Q

Which artery branch from inferior ma supplies the sigmoid colon

A

Sigmoidal

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18
Q

Which part of the rectum is supplied by the superior rectal artery branch of ima

A

The proximal rectum (distal not supplied by abdominal aorta)

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19
Q

What are the parts of the stomach

A 
Fundus 
Body
Antrum
Pyloric sphincter 
Lesser curvature at top 
Greater curvature below
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20
Q

What do the fundus and body secrete and from whcih cells

A

Gastric acid from parietal cells

Pepsinogen from chief cells

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21
Q

What does the antrum release

A

Endocrine like histamine, gastrin and somatostatin

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22
Q

What do these endocrine do

A

Control secretions and gastric motility

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23
Q

What are the incisions which look like villi but aren’t called in stomach mucosa

A

Gastric pits

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24
Q

Where are the parietal usually

A

Top of the gastric pits/ mucosa and they’re surface epithelial

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25
Q

What is diff about the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

Has inner oblique muscles inner to even circular muscles

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26
Q

What are they for

A

Distension of stomach/ bloating

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27
Q

Which type of epithelium are in stomach

A

Columnar

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28
Q

Which 2 things in stomach help protect from pathogens and acid

A

Tight junction between epi cells

Alkaline secretions by mucous cells neutralise acid

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29
Q

Are there goblet cells in stomach

A

No just mucous cells

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30
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Layer of connective tissue covering the abdominal organs

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31
Q

What peritoneum covers the stomach

A

Omentum

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32
Q

What covers the intestines

A

The mesentery

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33
Q

What is the space within the peritoneum between organs

A

Peritoneal cavity

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34
Q

What is the job of peritoneum

A

Anchors organs to posterior body wall and allows blood supply to them via vessels

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35
Q

What is the part where peritoneum is disrupted in the higher abdomen

A

The falciform ligament

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36
Q

What are the 4 parts of duodenum starting superior

A

Superior

Then descending to L3

Then horizontal

Then ascending to L2 (where it becomes jejunum)

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37
Q

Which part of small intestine receives digestive secretions

A

Descending

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38
Q

From where

A

The bile duct transporting secretions from liver and gb

And from pancreas via pancreatic duct

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39
Q

Where is superior

A

Superior and Posterior to L1

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40
Q

Where is descending and what does it cross over

A

At level of L3 and crosses over kidney

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41
Q

Where is and where does horizontal duodenum travel

A

At L3 and travels to left across the aorta

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42
Q

Where is the ascending and where does it become the jejunum

A

It is to the left of the aorta and at L2 becomes jejunum

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43
Q

Where are the primary sites of absorption

A

Jejunum and ileum

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44
Q

Which is longer

A

Ileum 3/5 metres

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45
Q

What is the mesentery an extension of

A

The serosa

46
Q

What is the functional unit of absorption in intestines

A

The villi in the small intestine

47
Q

What sort of epithelium are on the villi and crypts

A

Simple columnar

48
Q

Which vessels does each villi contain and what do they transport

A

Capillary and a lymph vessel

Capillary transports absorbed aa and monosaccharides

Lymph vessel carries fats absorbed in the intestine

49
Q

Where do they carry these absorbed materials to

A

Portal vein

50
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in small intestine

A

Absorptive/enterocytes
Goblet
Granular
Apud cells

51
Q

Which ascend up the villi and which stay in crypt

A

Granular and apud stay in crypt

Absorptive and goblet ascend up and then renewed

52
Q

Which are most important for absorption and secrete digestive enzymes

A

Absorptive / enterocytes

53
Q

What are granular cells for

A

Secrete enzymes and protect epithelium from bacteria

54
Q

What are apud cells for in the crypt

A

Endocrine secretions which control motility and secretions of gi

55
Q

Where is the liver

A

Right upper quadrant to the epigastric region

Under the diaphrsgm

56
Q

Explain the structure of the liver

A

Large right lobe and left smaller lobe

Divided by the falciform ligament

Below and on the posterior view is the gall bladder linking to the common bile duct

57
Q

Which vessels seen on liver

A

Hepatic artery and portal vein (from intestines)

Also inferior vena cava linked to hepatic veins

58
Q

What does portal vein contain which needs filtered in liver and explain path from capillaries to liver

A

Monosach, aa , fats from the capillaries and lymph vessels of si

Capillaries go into mesenteric veins then into the portal vein then enter (deox blood)

59
Q

Other than intestines what does portal vein receive blood from

A

Spleen and stomach

60
Q

What epi cells in liver form a 3d lattice shaped like a hexagon

A

Hepatocytes

61
Q

What runs between hepatocytes and allows them to be in contact with the portal blood

A

Sinusoids

62
Q

What 3 vessels are in liver lobules (hexagon shape)

A

Portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery (supplies ox blood)

63
Q

How do products of hepatocytes drain to left/right bile duct

A

Canaliculi channels

64
Q

Where does bile drain from liver

A

The right and left hepatic bile ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct which then joins the cystic duct from bile to for common bile duct

65
Q

Where does bile from common hepatic duct go

A

Either gall bladder for storage or straight to descending duodenum

66
Q

What triggers bile to drain from gb down cystic down cbd to duodenum

A

Food in the duodenum

67
Q

What do all ducts combine to form

A

Biliary duct

68
Q

How does liver have glucose functions

A

Stores it as glycogen in glycogenesis in insulin presence then releases it via glycogenolysis

69
Q

Which 3 things other than bile does liver synthesise

A

Cholesterol, lipoproteins and proteins

70
Q

Which protein is a transporter and most abundantly made in liver

A

Albumin

71
Q

What does it do

A

Transporter but also helps maintain fluid reabsorption in tissues from blood

72
Q

What would happen without albumin

A

Oedema

73
Q

Which other proteins are made in liver

A

Clotting factors

74
Q

What are cholesterols used for

A

Cell membranes or sex hormones or excreted if waste in bile

75
Q

What are bile salts for

A

Emulsifying lipids so they increase sa for better absorption

76
Q

Which vitamins does liver fat store

A

Aedk

77
Q

What happens to drugs and their metabolite byproducts in liver

A

Either excreted in bile or released to blood to excrete form kidney

78
Q

What does ammonia get converted to in liver for kidney release

A

Urea

79
Q

What from spleen is modified by liver to be excreted in bile

A

Bilirubin from old rbc

80
Q

Where is bile made

A

Hepatocytes

81
Q

What in bile increases ph and why

A

HCO to reduce gastric acidity and prevent intestinal damage

82
Q

Where is the pancreas

A

Superior umbilical region crossing to left lumbar. Deep and inferior to stomach. Horizontal across posterior body wall

83
Q

What is the exocrine gland called of pancreas which releases enzymes for digestion from the acinus

A

Tubuloacinar gland

84
Q

Where does the pancreatic juice from acinus get modified

A

In the ducts

85
Q

What does pancreatic juice in pancreatic duct join to form the ampulla of vater

A

The common bile duct

86
Q

What controls the engerance of juices from pancreas to descending duodenum

A

The sphincter of oddi

87
Q

Which 2 elements does pancreatic juice have

A

Alkaline HCO to neutralise the gastric acid

Pre enzyme secretions whcih get activated in the gut for digestion

88
Q

What innervates pancreatic juice secretions

A

Ans where sns refuces vs PNS increases

Also other endocrine influence it

89
Q

What are the prepeptidases (pre enzymes) released from pancreas called

A

Zymogens

90
Q

Which zymogen is converted to active first

A

Trypsinogen to trypsin

91
Q

What does the trypsin then allow

A

Activation of procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase and also chymotrypsinogen to trypsinogen

92
Q

What sort of epi cells are in colon LI

A

Simple columnar

93
Q

Give the differences in the cells from si

A

Not villous, only have crypts

Also have absorptive, goblet and apud but apud are more sparse

Have more goblet cells than si

94
Q

Where does the caecum first section of li start

A

The ileocaecal junction (right inferior quadrant)

95
Q

What does caecum contain

A

The vermiform appendix

96
Q

How is the longitudinal muscle in the colon (except for appendix anal and rectum) different

A

Is incomplete and forms 3 bands called taenia coli

97
Q

What are they for

A

Peristalsis aiding

98
Q

Where does rectum begin

A

S3

99
Q

What are the wiggly lines where rectum meets anis

A

Zone of epithelium called the anal columnw

100
Q

What is below the anal column

A

Anal canal and the internal/external anal sphincters

101
Q

What is the pubic muscle called around the Anus and rectum

A

Puborectalis

102
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine

A

Absorb water and ions through absorptive cells

103
Q

Where in the colon are some nutrients also absorbed

A

Proximal colon

104
Q

What is the mnemonic to learn the abdmonial aorta branches

A 
In (inferior phrenic nerve to diaphragm)
Case (coeliac)
My (middle suprarenal)
Students (superior mesenteric)
Really (renal)
Love (lumbar multiples)
Games (gonadal)
I’m (inferior mesenteric)
Monopoly
105
Q

What are the branches from splenic

A

Short gastric for fundus
Splenic branches to spleen
Left gastroepiploic for greater curvature

106
Q

What are the common hepatic branches

A

Right and left hepatic
Cystic artery
Gastroduodenal
Right gastric to right lesser curvature

107
Q

What does gastroduodenal branch to

A

Anterior and posterior pancreatico duodenal branch

And right gastroepiploic for right greater curvature

108
Q

Which branch from superior mesenteric anastomses with a branch from coeliac

A

The inferior pancreaticodudenum which supplies inferior duodenum and pancreas. Anastomses with the hepatic branch of superior pancreaticoduodenum from gastro duodenal branch

109
Q

Explain the levels of duodenum

A

Superior is at L1 from the stomach

Descending travels across kidney at L3

Horizontal travels across aorta at L3

Ascending goes to L2 on left of heart where it starts jejunum

110
Q

What are sinusoids

A

Channels running from the hepatic vein to the triad/portal vein+hepatic artery+ bile duct

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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