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Human Anatomy > Topic 6- Lungs > Flashcards

Topic 6- Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What separates lungs

A

Mediastinum with hesrt, vessels and trachea

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2
Q

Where do lungs extend from and inferior end

A

Apex Above first rib at T1

Ends at ispiretion at t12 diaphragm

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3
Q

Where does lung attach to heart and trachea

A

At the roots/hilum

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4
Q

What enters at hilum of lungs (inner middle) and leaves

A

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins leave with oxygenated

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5
Q

What else is wt roots of lungs

A

Bronchus, lymphatic bessels, nerves

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6
Q

What is the area surrounding where pulmonarh vessels enter hilum

A

Pulmonary ligament

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7
Q

What divides loves of lungs

A

Fissures horizontal and oblique

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8
Q

Which fissure divises the superior and inferior left lobes and middle and inferior of right

A

Oblqiue

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9
Q

What does horizontal separate

A

Superior from middle in right lung

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10
Q

Which lung is latger and heavier

A

Right

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11
Q

Why is it shorter and wider then

A

Because right dome of duaphragm is much bigger

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12
Q

Where does carsiac notch indent

A

Anterio inferior of superior lobe in left lung

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13
Q

Which anterior margin of which lung is straighter

A

Rught because no cardiac notch

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14
Q

Where is mediastinum surface, dipahragmatic surfsce and costal

A

Middle lining of lungs for mediastinum,

Outside for costal surface , bottom for diaphragmatic

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15
Q

What are the 3 borders of lungs

A

Anterior, posterior and inferior (down)

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16
Q

What does the visceral pleurs cover and adhere to

A

Covers lung (inner lining of pleura) and adheres to lung surfaces like fissures. Doesnt remove from lung

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17
Q

What does parietal pleura line and adhere to

A

Lines pulmonary cavities,

adheres to throacic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm

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18
Q

Ehere does visceral pleura reflect to become parietal vice versa

A

Hilum of lung

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19
Q

What is the parietal pleura called seen covering apec of lungs extending through superior thoracic aperture

A

Cervical pleura

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20
Q

What does costal parietal pleura cover

A

Internal surfaces of thoracic walls

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21
Q

What does mediastinal pleura cover

A

Lateral surface of mediastinum

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22
Q

What does dipahragmatic cover

A

Superior of diaphhragm on voth sides

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23
Q

Ehat does pleural csvity do

A

Allows lubrication and smooth sldiijg of lungs in respiration

Also provides rhe surface tbesion to allow ahderenacr of lung lining to thoracic wall so when lung expands; chest expands too

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24
Q

Ehat is included in upper resp tract

A

Nose to top of trachea

So nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, sinuses

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25
Q

What is its function

A

Warm, humidify and remove debris form air

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26
Q

What are rue 2 basal sinuses at top of nose (front and bsck) called

A

Sphenoid sinus (top of nose at back of head) and frontal sinus

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27
Q

What arw rhe 3 nasal conchae within rhe nose/nasal cavity (look like steps )

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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28
Q

Where are rhe hsrd and soft plaate of the mouth

A

Hard palate is at top of mouth/ roof of mouth

Soft palate is at rhe back roof of mouth

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29
Q

What are the 3 pharynxes

A

Nasophsrynx (back of nasal cavity)

Oropharynx (back of mouth)

Laryngopharynx (space behind larynx which is the epiglottis, glottis etc at front of trschea)

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30
Q

Which part of larynx is highest/ start of trachea

A

Epiglottis then glottis under it

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31
Q

What are the 3 bronchi

A

Primary/main where they enter lungs

Secondary/lobar

Tertiary/segmental

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32
Q

What is rhe function of lower resp tract

A

Conduct inspired air and remove small particulates

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33
Q

What resp centre in brain controls bresthing

A

Medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Whoch neurones in MO are for insp and exp

A

Insp = DRG eg dpahragm and external exp= vrg is external and accesory myscles

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35
Q

What centre in PRG activates drg and vrg resprctively

A

Apneustic centre

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36
Q

Wht is apneustic centre controlled by

A

Pneumotaxic prg in pons

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37
Q

Which accesory mudcle in insirpation elevstes sternum

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

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38
Q

Which accesory muscles elecate rivs in inspiration (below sternocleidomastoid)

A

Scalenes

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39
Q

Which part of external intefcostal also elevates ribs in inspiretion

A

Interchondral part

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40
Q

How does diaphragm affect ribs in insirpation

A

Elevates lower ribs

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41
Q

In active expiretion which part of internal intercostal is not involved in phllung ribs down

A

Interchondral area

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42
Q

Which abdominal muscle pulls ribs down in rxpiration

A

Quadratus lumborum

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43
Q

Apart from pull ribs down what does abdominal muscles do in expiretion

A

Squeeze abdomen which allows diaprhagm to dome

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44
Q

What does dipahragm attsch to

A

Lowet ribs by thr parietal pleura

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45
Q

What is it innergated by and at what level do these ectenr from

A

Phrenic nerves from c3-c5 (cervical plexus)

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46
Q

What level is jt at rest vs insp

A

T9-T12(last rib)

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47
Q

Where fors it get bloof and how is it frained

A

From intercostal arteries. Drained bsck to inferior vena cava

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48
Q

Where is the hiatus from oesphagus and diaphragm (where they stop meeting)

A

T10

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49
Q

Where is the aortic histus

A

T12 (lowest on the diaphragm)

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50
Q

How many cm does it flatten in wuiet vs deep breathing

A

1-2 cm vs around 10cm

51
Q

How many sets of intercistal muscles are there

A

11

52
Q

Where does it get blood snd remove blood

A

Intervostal arteries and veins

53
Q

What id the order of bessels on disgramsnof intervostal muscles

A

Ic Veins
Ic arteties
Ic nerves (innervwtes them)

54
Q

What do these separate

A

Innermost from internal intercostal

55
Q

Which rubs do external extend from

A

Tubercles of superior ribs (top ribs)

56
Q

Where do they extend to

A

Ventral of the cartilage on inferior rib

57
Q

Which ventral thin membranes do they end at

A

Anterior/external intercostal membrnaes

58
Q

Which way di they pull tibs

A

Laterally up and anteriorly on the anterioposterior diameter (forward)

59
Q

How are external fibres orientated

A

Anteroinferior (forward and downwards)

60
Q

Where do internal brgin

A

Ventrally st the sternum

61
Q

They continue as membranes to the vertebral column. What membrnaes

A

Posterior/internal intercostal membranes

62
Q

How are rhe fibres orientated

A

Posterioinferior (back snd down)

63
Q

What do they do in active resp

A

Pull ribs down and in (both lateral decrease and anteroinferior diameter)

64
Q

Are innermost intercostal complete

A

No

65
Q

What direction are innermost fibres

A

Same as intenral. Posteriorinferiorly

66
Q

In wuiet breathing of inspirstion what alloes insipration

A

Mostly diaphragm and some dxternal too

67
Q

What helps in forcrd insiprwtion

A

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes (ribs up) aswell as external/interchondral part ribs ip and diaphragmincreasing in motion

68
Q

What is wuiet expiration dep on

A

Elastic recoil and weight of rubcsge to reduce volume of thorax

69
Q

What is involved in forced exp

A

External intervostal without interchondral and also abdominal eg quadratus lumborum

70
Q

What wre rhe 2 tress

A

Vascular snd airway

71
Q

What are vasculsr trees

A

All the blood cessels carryin vlood to and from lungs eg pa, capillaries

72
Q

Where does the aireay tree begin

A

Trachea and down

73
Q

What is the airway tree for

A

Conduct atmospheric air for gas exchnage and eeturn waste/used air

74
Q

What is the largest tube but also smallest cross section for aireay resistance

A

Trachea

75
Q

How does cartilage differ between trachea and bronchi

A

Hyaline rings to certilsge plates

76
Q

Howbmany divisions does primary bronchi have

A

Up to 11

77
Q

What forms the conducting zone

A

Trschea and 16 further airway branches

78
Q

Where are bronchioles found

A

12th division of bronchi (some are stil conducting zone)

79
Q

Why are they collapsable

A

No cartilage just smokth muscle

80
Q

How mant times can they branch

A

11

81
Q

What are the end bronchioles where confucting airway transitions to gas exchnage tissues

A

Respiratory bronchioles

82
Q

Where do resp bronchioles terminate

A

Alveolar ducts

83
Q

What is rhe resp zone

A

From resp bronchioles to the alveoli

84
Q

Where do the teo trees contact

A

At alveoli where they meet capillaries which is vasculsr tree

85
Q

What surronds alveoli

A

Elastic fibres and capillsries

86
Q

What is a lung lobule

A

1 resp bronchiole forming cluster of alveoli surrounfed by connrctive tissue and capillaries

87
Q

What in nasal xavity and sinuses is needed for warm and humidifed air

A

Large sa from pseudostratified columnar epi cells (many in top)

88
Q

Are columnar crlls coliated eg in nasal csvity

A

Yes

89
Q

What other cells presentnin upper airways at high ampunts

A

Goblet crlls

90
Q

What are the psc and govlet called

A

Respiratory type epithelium

91
Q

After large bronchi, what happens

A

Epithelial cells become thinner/ not stratified but still colisted with goblet cells

92
Q

What cells are at bronchioles

A

Simple columnar ciliated with sparse goblet cells

93
Q

What fells do respirstort bronchioles in disral resp tract have

A

Cuboidal ciliated eli cells

94
Q

Where is rhe point cilia stops

A

After Resp bronchioles in distal resp tract

95
Q

What cells are in alveoli

A

Flat epithelium

96
Q

What are rhe 2 types of epithelium in alceoli lining basement membrnse

A

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

97
Q

What does wlveolar wall contain for strethc and recoil of sir

A

Elastin

98
Q

What does elastin connrct alveoli to

A

Connectivr tissue of the lung as no cartilsge

99
Q

What % are type 1 thin for gas exchjage

A

40% of the fells but 90% of the surfsce area /outside

100
Q

How are rhey si thin

A

Flat nuclei and less organelles

101
Q

What % sre type 2

A

60% but only 10% of the surface area

102
Q

What organelle di they have alot of

A

Mt

103
Q

What di they release which reduces surface tension wnd has opsonins like a and d proteins

A

Surfactant

104
Q

How can some be used to generate type 1

A

Can be stem cells for type 1

105
Q

What does bm join to

A

Bm of capillaries

106
Q

durfsctant is in iutside of alveoli. Ehat id the most outer layer vs the inner layer

A

Lipid monolayer

Inside is the aqueous hypophase

107
Q

Which vesicles from golgi allows extrusion of surfactant

A

Lipoprotein vesicles

108
Q

When

A

When the lipoprotein vesicle fuses with the small lamellar body

109
Q

Ehat is a small lamellar body

A

Where surfactant is stored

110
Q

What di macrophaeges of alveoli do

A

Phagocytose debris and oathogens and either go to lymphatics or allow remocal vy mucociliary system

111
Q

What is the apex of the lungs

A

The top above the first ribs

112
Q

What are the 3 borders of lungs

A

Anterior inferior and posterior

113
Q

What keeps the lungs in contact with thoracic wall

A

The surface tension from the liquid in pleural cavity

114
Q

What causes collapsed lung

A

If air or fluid enters pleural cavity eg has moth oral or pneumothorax this breaks surface tension so lung collapses

115
Q

Explain the placement of external intercostals from dorsal (vertebrae) to ventral (at sternum)

A

They start at the superior ribs from the vertebrae dorsally and span around to the cartilage next to sternum at the external/anterior intercostal membranes

116
Q

Explain the placement centrally and dorsally of internal intercostals for expiration

A

Begin ventrally unlike external at the sternum of the true ribs 1-7 and at the ventral cartilages of false ribs 8-12

They extend to the vertebral column dorsally at the posterior internal intercostal membranes near the vertebral column

117
Q

Do they work in passive resp

A

No just active expiration

118
Q

How are the fibres orientated (where they end basically)

A

External end anteriorly so they are anteroinferior

Internal end at the vertebral column so are posteroinferior

119
Q

Does diaphragm inspiratory work increase

A

Yes during active breathing : forced

120
Q

Which structures have cartilage and where does it stop

A

Trachea down to the the bronchi (which is 11 more division)

12th and below are bronchioles and don’t have cartilage so are collapsible

121
Q

Which parts of resp system have the respiratory type epi cells (pseudostratified columnar)

A

Nasal cavity down to the main bronchi

122
Q

Which have simple columnar ciliated

A

Smaller bronchi and bronchioles

123
Q

Which cells are resp bronchioles and alveolar ducts

A

Rb are ciliated cuboidal

Alveolar ducts are flattened epithelial

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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