Topic 6- Lungs Flashcards
What separates lungs
Mediastinum with hesrt, vessels and trachea
Where do lungs extend from and inferior end
Apex Above first rib at T1
Ends at ispiretion at t12 diaphragm
Where does lung attach to heart and trachea
At the roots/hilum
What enters at hilum of lungs (inner middle) and leaves
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins leave with oxygenated
What else is wt roots of lungs
Bronchus, lymphatic bessels, nerves
What is the area surrounding where pulmonarh vessels enter hilum
Pulmonary ligament
What divides loves of lungs
Fissures horizontal and oblique
Which fissure divises the superior and inferior left lobes and middle and inferior of right
Oblqiue
What does horizontal separate
Superior from middle in right lung
Which lung is latger and heavier
Right
Why is it shorter and wider then
Because right dome of duaphragm is much bigger
Where does carsiac notch indent
Anterio inferior of superior lobe in left lung
Which anterior margin of which lung is straighter
Rught because no cardiac notch
Where is mediastinum surface, dipahragmatic surfsce and costal
Middle lining of lungs for mediastinum,
Outside for costal surface , bottom for diaphragmatic
What are the 3 borders of lungs
Anterior, posterior and inferior (down)
What does the visceral pleurs cover and adhere to
Covers lung (inner lining of pleura) and adheres to lung surfaces like fissures. Doesnt remove from lung
What does parietal pleura line and adhere to
Lines pulmonary cavities,
adheres to throacic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
Ehere does visceral pleura reflect to become parietal vice versa
Hilum of lung
What is the parietal pleura called seen covering apec of lungs extending through superior thoracic aperture
Cervical pleura
What does costal parietal pleura cover
Internal surfaces of thoracic walls
What does mediastinal pleura cover
Lateral surface of mediastinum
What does dipahragmatic cover
Superior of diaphhragm on voth sides
Ehat does pleural csvity do
Allows lubrication and smooth sldiijg of lungs in respiration
Also provides rhe surface tbesion to allow ahderenacr of lung lining to thoracic wall so when lung expands; chest expands too
Ehat is included in upper resp tract
Nose to top of trachea
So nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, sinuses
What is its function
Warm, humidify and remove debris form air
What are rue 2 basal sinuses at top of nose (front and bsck) called
Sphenoid sinus (top of nose at back of head) and frontal sinus
What arw rhe 3 nasal conchae within rhe nose/nasal cavity (look like steps )
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Where are rhe hsrd and soft plaate of the mouth
Hard palate is at top of mouth/ roof of mouth
Soft palate is at rhe back roof of mouth
What are the 3 pharynxes
Nasophsrynx (back of nasal cavity)
Oropharynx (back of mouth)
Laryngopharynx (space behind larynx which is the epiglottis, glottis etc at front of trschea)
Which part of larynx is highest/ start of trachea
Epiglottis then glottis under it
What are the 3 bronchi
Primary/main where they enter lungs
Secondary/lobar
Tertiary/segmental
What is rhe function of lower resp tract
Conduct inspired air and remove small particulates
What resp centre in brain controls bresthing
Medulla oblongata
Whoch neurones in MO are for insp and exp
Insp = DRG eg dpahragm and external exp= vrg is external and accesory myscles
What centre in PRG activates drg and vrg resprctively
Apneustic centre
Wht is apneustic centre controlled by
Pneumotaxic prg in pons
Which accesory mudcle in insirpation elevstes sternum
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Which accesory muscles elecate rivs in inspiration (below sternocleidomastoid)
Scalenes
Which part of external intefcostal also elevates ribs in inspiretion
Interchondral part
How does diaphragm affect ribs in insirpation
Elevates lower ribs
In active expiretion which part of internal intercostal is not involved in phllung ribs down
Interchondral area
Which abdominal muscle pulls ribs down in rxpiration
Quadratus lumborum
Apart from pull ribs down what does abdominal muscles do in expiretion
Squeeze abdomen which allows diaprhagm to dome
What does dipahragm attsch to
Lowet ribs by thr parietal pleura
What is it innergated by and at what level do these ectenr from
Phrenic nerves from c3-c5 (cervical plexus)
What level is jt at rest vs insp
T9-T12(last rib)
Where fors it get bloof and how is it frained
From intercostal arteries. Drained bsck to inferior vena cava
Where is the hiatus from oesphagus and diaphragm (where they stop meeting)
T10
Where is the aortic histus
T12 (lowest on the diaphragm)
How many cm does it flatten in wuiet vs deep breathing
1-2 cm vs around 10cm
How many sets of intercistal muscles are there
11
Where does it get blood snd remove blood
Intervostal arteries and veins
What id the order of bessels on disgramsnof intervostal muscles
Ic Veins
Ic arteties
Ic nerves (innervwtes them)
What do these separate
Innermost from internal intercostal
Which rubs do external extend from
Tubercles of superior ribs (top ribs)
Where do they extend to
Ventral of the cartilage on inferior rib
Which ventral thin membranes do they end at
Anterior/external intercostal membrnaes
Which way di they pull tibs
Laterally up and anteriorly on the anterioposterior diameter (forward)
How are external fibres orientated
Anteroinferior (forward and downwards)
Where do internal brgin
Ventrally st the sternum
They continue as membranes to the vertebral column. What membrnaes
Posterior/internal intercostal membranes
How are rhe fibres orientated
Posterioinferior (back snd down)
What do they do in active resp
Pull ribs down and in (both lateral decrease and anteroinferior diameter)
Are innermost intercostal complete
No
What direction are innermost fibres
Same as intenral. Posteriorinferiorly
In wuiet breathing of inspirstion what alloes insipration
Mostly diaphragm and some dxternal too
What helps in forcrd insiprwtion
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes (ribs up) aswell as external/interchondral part ribs ip and diaphragmincreasing in motion
What is wuiet expiration dep on
Elastic recoil and weight of rubcsge to reduce volume of thorax
What is involved in forced exp
External intervostal without interchondral and also abdominal eg quadratus lumborum
What wre rhe 2 tress
Vascular snd airway
What are vasculsr trees
All the blood cessels carryin vlood to and from lungs eg pa, capillaries
Where does the aireay tree begin
Trachea and down
What is the airway tree for
Conduct atmospheric air for gas exchnage and eeturn waste/used air
What is the largest tube but also smallest cross section for aireay resistance
Trachea
How does cartilage differ between trachea and bronchi
Hyaline rings to certilsge plates
Howbmany divisions does primary bronchi have
Up to 11
What forms the conducting zone
Trschea and 16 further airway branches
Where are bronchioles found
12th division of bronchi (some are stil conducting zone)
Why are they collapsable
No cartilage just smokth muscle
How mant times can they branch
11
What are the end bronchioles where confucting airway transitions to gas exchnage tissues
Respiratory bronchioles
Where do resp bronchioles terminate
Alveolar ducts
What is rhe resp zone
From resp bronchioles to the alveoli
Where do the teo trees contact
At alveoli where they meet capillaries which is vasculsr tree
What surronds alveoli
Elastic fibres and capillsries
What is a lung lobule
1 resp bronchiole forming cluster of alveoli surrounfed by connrctive tissue and capillaries
What in nasal xavity and sinuses is needed for warm and humidifed air
Large sa from pseudostratified columnar epi cells (many in top)
Are columnar crlls coliated eg in nasal csvity
Yes
What other cells presentnin upper airways at high ampunts
Goblet crlls
What are the psc and govlet called
Respiratory type epithelium
After large bronchi, what happens
Epithelial cells become thinner/ not stratified but still colisted with goblet cells
What cells are at bronchioles
Simple columnar ciliated with sparse goblet cells
What fells do respirstort bronchioles in disral resp tract have
Cuboidal ciliated eli cells
Where is rhe point cilia stops
After Resp bronchioles in distal resp tract
What cells are in alveoli
Flat epithelium
What are rhe 2 types of epithelium in alceoli lining basement membrnse
Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes
What does wlveolar wall contain for strethc and recoil of sir
Elastin
What does elastin connrct alveoli to
Connectivr tissue of the lung as no cartilsge
What % are type 1 thin for gas exchjage
40% of the fells but 90% of the surfsce area /outside
How are rhey si thin
Flat nuclei and less organelles
What % sre type 2
60% but only 10% of the surface area
What organelle di they have alot of
Mt
What di they release which reduces surface tension wnd has opsonins like a and d proteins
Surfactant
How can some be used to generate type 1
Can be stem cells for type 1
What does bm join to
Bm of capillaries
durfsctant is in iutside of alveoli. Ehat id the most outer layer vs the inner layer
Lipid monolayer
Inside is the aqueous hypophase
Which vesicles from golgi allows extrusion of surfactant
Lipoprotein vesicles
When
When the lipoprotein vesicle fuses with the small lamellar body
Ehat is a small lamellar body
Where surfactant is stored
What di macrophaeges of alveoli do
Phagocytose debris and oathogens and either go to lymphatics or allow remocal vy mucociliary system
What is the apex of the lungs
The top above the first ribs
What are the 3 borders of lungs
Anterior inferior and posterior
What keeps the lungs in contact with thoracic wall
The surface tension from the liquid in pleural cavity
What causes collapsed lung
If air or fluid enters pleural cavity eg has moth oral or pneumothorax this breaks surface tension so lung collapses
Explain the placement of external intercostals from dorsal (vertebrae) to ventral (at sternum)
They start at the superior ribs from the vertebrae dorsally and span around to the cartilage next to sternum at the external/anterior intercostal membranes
Explain the placement centrally and dorsally of internal intercostals for expiration
Begin ventrally unlike external at the sternum of the true ribs 1-7 and at the ventral cartilages of false ribs 8-12
They extend to the vertebral column dorsally at the posterior internal intercostal membranes near the vertebral column
Do they work in passive resp
No just active expiration
How are the fibres orientated (where they end basically)
External end anteriorly so they are anteroinferior
Internal end at the vertebral column so are posteroinferior
Does diaphragm inspiratory work increase
Yes during active breathing : forced
Which structures have cartilage and where does it stop
Trachea down to the the bronchi (which is 11 more division)
12th and below are bronchioles and don’t have cartilage so are collapsible
Which parts of resp system have the respiratory type epi cells (pseudostratified columnar)
Nasal cavity down to the main bronchi
Which have simple columnar ciliated
Smaller bronchi and bronchioles
Which cells are resp bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Rb are ciliated cuboidal
Alveolar ducts are flattened epithelial
