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Cell Bio > Topic 24 - Stem Cells > Flashcards

Topic 24 - Stem Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sperm fertilizes the egg to form

A

The first stem cell

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

First stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body (including placenta)

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3
Q

First stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body (including placenta)

A

Totipotent

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4
Q

First cell divides into

A

Two totipotent stem cells

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5
Q

If separated and implanted after IVF, each cell will devlop into

A

A human

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6
Q

If separated naturally and implanted, each cell develops into

A

Identical twins

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7
Q

Cells continue to divide to yield a small hollow sphere of cells known as

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

Human embryos normally reach the blastocyst stage

A

5-7 days after fertilization

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9
Q

In IVF clinics, human embryos are implanted at the

A

Blastocyst stage

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10
Q

Excess embryos are

A

Either discarded or frozen for later use

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11
Q

Blastocyst-cells specialized and turn into

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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12
Q

More limited developmental potential

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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13
Q

Potential to develop into any cell of the human fetus but not the placenta

A

Inner cell mass

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14
Q

Develop into placenta and supporting tissues but NOT the fetus

A

Outer layer cells

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15
Q

Unlimited capability to develop into all extra embryonic, embryonic, adult types of cells

A

Totipotent Stem Cells

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16
Q

Extensive but limited capability, can develop into most types of cells in an organism

A

Pluripotent Stem Cells

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17
Q

Divide and change their own gene expression

A

Totipotent

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18
Q

Give rise to pluripotent stem cells

A

Totipotent

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19
Q

Stem cells divide and yield other pluripotent stem cells more specialized committed stem cells

A

Pluripotent

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20
Q

Ex. Blood stem cells

A

Pluripotent

21
Q

“Committed” stem cells that divide and yield only specialized cells

A

Unipotent Stem Cells

22
Q

Exist in the adult human body and constantly replace cells of the blood, intestine, and skin

A

Pluripotent and Unipotent

23
Q

Cell therapy

A

Bone Marrow

24
Q

Blood and immune system cells

A

Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

25
Q

Bone, cartilage, fat, fibrous connective tissue

A

Bone marrow stromal stem cells

26
Q

Adult cells that have been reprogrammed to become stem cell like

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

27
Q

Fully differentiated cells that are turned into pluripotent cells

A

iPS

28
Q

Different than “adult stem cells” because these cells have genes added to them

A

iPS

29
Q

Inner cell mass can be removed from human blastocyst stage embryos and cultured in

A

dishes

30
Q

Cells reproduce and maintain

A

pluripotency

31
Q

Controversy

A

Destroys “excess” human embryo life

In most IVF clinics these are discarded anyway

32
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Process

A
  1. Unfertilized egg is removed from adult female
  2. The DNA is removed
  3. The nucleus from a somatic cell is put into the egg
  4. Embyro is devloped into a genetic copy of the somatic cell
  5. ESCs can be isolated from the embryo
33
Q

Adult tissue

A

Somatic cell

34
Q

Dickey-Wicker amendment

A

1995 - Prohibits federal funding to support the creation of human embryos for research purposes
Still in effect

35
Q

President Bush

A

2001 - executive order that the government will support research only on existing stem cell lines (about 12 available), but not production of new lines

36
Q

Existing stem cell lines were initially grown on

A

Mouse feeder cells

37
Q

Problem with mouse feeder cells

A

Could be contaminated with mouse genes or viruses and not useful for treating humans

38
Q

President Obama

A

2009 - overturns Bush ban on using funds for new stem cell research

39
Q

Current Policy

A

Allows federal support of research on current lines or new lines developed with non-federal support

40
Q

To better understand normal human development - birth defects

A

Basic Research

41
Q

Increase effectiveness and decrease side effects - personalized medicine

A

Drug Testing

42
Q

Source of pluripotent cells to treat type 1 diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, etc.

A

Cell Therapy

43
Q

Embryonic stem cells can be

A

Expanded in cultures - few cells divide to provide many

Stimulated to specialize into different types of human cells - ex. insulin-secreting pancreas cells

44
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Loss of insulin-secreting Beta cells from pancreas leading to insulin deficiency

45
Q

Require for uptake of glucose into muscle and other cells

A

Insulin

46
Q

Lack of insulin

A

Build up of toxic levels of glucose in blood

47
Q

Cultured beta cells produce and secrete

A

insulin

48
Q

Death of dopamine secreting neurons in specific region of the brain

A

Parkinson’s Disease

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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