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Cell Bio > Final Topic 24 - Regulation of Cell Cycle and Mechanisms of Mitosis > Flashcards

Final Topic 24 - Regulation of Cell Cycle and Mechanisms of Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The period between one M phase and the next

A

Interphase

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2
Q

A period of growth and surveillance to make sure conditions are optimal for cell division

A

G1

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3
Q

Gap Phase 1

A

G1

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4
Q

The cell replicates its DNA

A

S

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5
Q

Synthesis Phase

A

S

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6
Q

Interval between S and M

A

G2

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7
Q

Gap Phase 2

A

G2

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8
Q

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A

M Phase

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9
Q

Nuclear cell division occurs

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

The cell splits in 2

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Is environment favorable?

A

G1 checkpoint - Enter S phase

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12
Q

Is all DNA replicated? Is all DNA damage repaired?

A

G2 checkpoint - Enter Mitosis

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13
Q

Are all chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle?

A

Checkpoint in Mitosis - Pull duplicated chromosomes apart

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14
Q

If the cell senses that something is wrong or conditions are not optimal to divide it can move the cell into

A

G0 Phase

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15
Q

Resting phase where the cell does not grow or divide

A

G0 Phase

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16
Q

Cell does not grow or divide

A

Senescence

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17
Q

Checkpoint switches

A

Heterodimer Kinases

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18
Q

Dimer contains

A

Cyclin and Cdk

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19
Q

Regulatory Subunit

A

Cyclin

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20
Q

Catalytic subunit

A

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdk)

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21
Q

Concentration does not vary and no kinase activity

A

Cdk

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22
Q

Have no enzymatic activity,concentrations vary

A

Cyclins

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23
Q

Must bind to Cdk to activate kinase

A

Cyclins

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24
Q

Each Cdk has a distinct and specific cyclin that regulates

A

The substrates the kinase phosphorylates (activates)

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25
Q

Cdk activation

A
  1. Bind to cyclin
  2. Protein kinases (inhibitory and activating phosphates are added
  3. Activating protein phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphate
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26
Q

In order to move on to the next phase, the cyclins from the previous phase

A

Must be removed from the system

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27
Q

Targets cyclins for destruction

A

Ubiquitylation

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28
Q

Ubuiquitylation

A

Inactivates the corresponding Cdk

29
Q

Before the cell can progress through the cell cycle, it needs to go through a series of

A

Checkpoints

30
Q

If the cell decides it can’t move on, it can

A

Stop the cell cycle and wait

31
Q

Allows the cell to stop the cell cycle

A

Cdk Inhibitor Proteins (CIP)

32
Q

Inhibit the cell cycle progression of the cyclin/cdk complexes by inhibiting the Cdk

A

Cdk Inhibitor Proteins

33
Q

There are three points in which the cell check for

A

Damaged DNA

34
Q

Three checkpoints for damaged DNA

A

G1, S, and G2

35
Q

Transcriptional activator

A

p53

36
Q

p53 turns on

A

p21 gene

37
Q

Important to DNA repair

A

p21 and p53

38
Q

If the DNA cannot be repaired the cell can stimulate

A

Apoptosis

39
Q

Greater than 50% of all cancers have mutations in

A

p53

40
Q

Replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle assembles between two centrosomes which have begun to move apart

A

Prophase

41
Q

Prophase

A

Replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle assembles between two centrosomes which have begun to move apart

42
Q

The duplicated centrosomes move to each pole of the cell and microtubules start polymerizing

A

Prophase

43
Q

The centrosome in each pole

A

Spindle pole

44
Q

Microtubules radiating from the spindle pole

A

Aster Microtubules

45
Q

Microtubules that bind to microtubules from the opposite pole

A

Interpolar Microtubules

46
Q

Breakdown of the nuclear envelope, chromosomes can now attach to spindle via their kinetochores and undergo active movement

A

Prometaphase

47
Q

Prometaphase

A

Breakdown of the nuclear envelope, chromosomes can now attach to spindle via their kinetochores and undergo active movement

48
Q

Disassembly of the nuclear envelope, spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes through kinetochores

A

Prometaphase

49
Q

Spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes through

A

Kinetochores

50
Q

Microtubules bound to the kinetochore of DNA

A

Kinetochore Microtubules

51
Q

Connect to a chromosome from each pole

A

Kinetochore Microtubules

52
Q

The mitotic spindle components:

A

Aster Microtubules
Interpolar Microtubules
Kinetochore Microtubules

53
Q

The chromosomes attached to the mitotic spindle begin to move around towards the center of the cell

A

Prometaphase

54
Q

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

55
Q

How is anaphase regulated?

A

Anaphase promoting complex activation of separase

56
Q

Degrades cohesin

A

Separase

57
Q

The chromosomes are pulled poleward (towards the poles)

A

Anaphase A

58
Q

Anaphase A is accomplished by:

A
  1. Depolymerization of microtubules at the kinetechore

2. (-) end directed motor proteins that pull chromosomes towards the centrosome

59
Q

The poles are pushed and pulled farther apart

A

Anaphase B

60
Q

Link interpolar microtubules and migrate towards (+) end of the adjacent microtuble

A

Kinesins

61
Q

Pushes the poles further apart

A

Kinesins

62
Q

Bind to the cell cortex and migrate towards the pole, (-) end, and pull the poles apart

A

Dyneins

63
Q

Two sets of chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle, a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis

A

Telophase

64
Q

Telophase

A

Two sets of chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle, a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis

65
Q

Contractile ring if formed and the two daughter cells are cleaved

A

Cytokinesis

66
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Contractile ring if formed and the two daughter cells are cleaved

67
Q

Actin and Myosin II form a structure called

A

Contractile Ring

68
Q

Constricts the cell in a “purse-string” fashion, cleaving the two daughter cells

A

Myosin II slides past antiparallel filaments of actin

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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