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Cell Bio > Exam 3 (Topic 14) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Topic 14) Flashcards

1
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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2
Q

RNA to Protein

A

Translation

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3
Q

One DNA gene can produce

A

many RNAs

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4
Q

Each RNA can produce

A

many proteins

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5
Q

DNA producing many RNAs which produce many proteins is called

A

Genetic amplification

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6
Q

Linear polymer of four difference ribonucleotides

A

RNA

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7
Q

RNA vs DNA

A

RNA is single stranded
RNA can fold in a variety of shapes through internal base pairing
RNA has enzymatic function in addition to information

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8
Q

Replication vs. Transcription

A

RNA transcript becomes displaced from DNA template
Only a specific region of the DNA is transcribed
Transcription is carried out by RNA Polymerase

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9
Q

Transcription is carried out by

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

Moves down the DNA helix unwinding the helix as it goes

A

RNA polymerase (includes its own “helices” activity)

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11
Q

RNA polymerase uses

A

ribonucleotide triphosphates (ATP, CTP, UTP, and GTP) (hydrolysis of phosphate provides the energy)

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12
Q

RNA Polymerase vs DNA Polymerase

A

RNA p. links ribonucleotides noth deoxyribonucleotides
RNA p. CAN start transcription without a primer
RNA polymerase makes more mistakes

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13
Q

Primase

A

RNA Polymerase

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14
Q

In eukaryotes 1 mRNA makes

A

1 protein

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15
Q

RNA that is transcribed from genes in the DNA to be made into proteins

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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16
Q

In prokaryotes 1 mRNA makes

A

many proteins

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17
Q

A structural and catalytic RNA that forms the core of the ribosome

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (used in translation)

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18
Q

A folded RNA that forms covalent bonds with amino acids and carries the amino acids to sites of translation

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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19
Q

Small hairpin RNAs that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and the stability of mRNA to control gene expression

A

Micro RNAs (miRNA) and Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

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20
Q

Procaryotic Transcription COME BACK TO!!!

A
  1. RNA p. binds to circular DNA and looks for promoter

2. COME BACK TO!!!!

21
Q

Specific sequence of DNA indicating the start site for transcription

22
Q

Conserved DNA sequences that direct RNA polymerase during transcription

23
Q

Conserved sequence is -10nt and -35nt from the transcription start site

A

Upstream promoter

24
Q

RNA promoters can only bind the promoter

A

in one direction

25
Q

Transcription can go

A

in multiple directions depending on which template strand the promoter is in

26
Q

Pro vs Eu Transcription

A

Eu. have 3 RNA polymerases and Pro only has one
Pro requires sigma factor to recognize promoter
Eu requires General Transcription Factors for initiation and promoter recognition

27
Q

DNA sequence rich in T and A

A

TATA box; typically located about -25 nt from the start site; thats 25 nucleotides upstream; only present in Eu.

28
Q

Eucaryotic transcription requires __________ to initiate

A

General Transcription factors

29
Q

Eucaryotic Transcription Steps

A
  1. TFIID/TBP binds to TATA box and bends DNA
  2. RNA p. II transcription initiation complex
  3. RNA p. II phosphorylated by TFIIH and starts transcription
  4. Dephosphorylation by phophatases stops transcription
30
Q

Bacteria transcribe and translate

A

at the same time

31
Q

Eucaryotes transcribe in

32
Q

Eucaryotes translate in

33
Q

pre-mRNA

A

immature mRNA

34
Q

Two main steps that occur only on pre-mRNA

A

Addition of 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail

35
Q

Occurs after 25 nucleotides have been transcribed

36
Q

Addition of 7-methylguanosine triphosphate to the 5’ carbon of the first nucleotide of mRNA

37
Q

Addition of a series of repeated adenine nucleotides to the end of mRNA

A

3’ poly A tail

38
Q

Increases the stability of the mRNA, aids in export from the nucleus, and is used during translation to make sure mRNA is fully intact

A

5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail (only happens in Euc.) (takes place in nucleus)

39
Q

In bacteria, most mRNA contain

A

the uninterrupted coding region

40
Q

In eucaryotes, genes contain both ________ and ____________ called “pre-mRNA”

A

Exons and Introns

41
Q

Coding region

42
Q

Noncoding region

43
Q

Must be removed from mRNA before translation

44
Q

Introns are removed by

A

Splicing (takes place in nucleus)

45
Q

All noncoding introns are spliced out of a pre-mRNA by the

A

spliceosome

46
Q

Not all ______ are included in the final mRNA

47
Q

mRNAs can undergo

A

Alternative Splicing

48
Q

The selective inclusion or exclusion of exons

A

Alternative Splicing

49
Q

One pre-mRNA can make

A

many different mRNA which make different proteins

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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