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Cell Bio > Final Topic 22 - Eukaryotes Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Final Topic 22 - Eukaryotes Cytoskeleton Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Large tensile strength, main function is to help the cells withstand mechanical stress

A

Intermediate filaments

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2
Q

Called intermediate because of

A

their diameter

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3
Q

Intermediate filaments are found

A

throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus

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4
Q

Intermediate filaments form

A

a large network of interconnected filaments

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5
Q

Intermediate filaments are anchored to the plasma membrane at

A

cell-cell junctions called desmosomes

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6
Q

Intermediate filaments are also found inside the nucleus and they make up the

A

nuclear lamina

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7
Q

Intermediate filaments form strong rope-like

A

multi-protein assemblies

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8
Q

An alpha-helical monomer with a globular N-terminus and a globular C-terminus

A

The subunit of intermediate filaments

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9
Q

The intermediate filament subunit forms a

A

coiled-coil dimer

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10
Q

The dimer forms a staggered

A

anti-parallel tetramer

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11
Q

The tetramers bind together end-to-end and side-by-side to form a

A

twisted filament

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12
Q

The twisted filaments are

A

non-covalent interactions

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13
Q

Because of the anti-parallel way that the intermediate filament tetramers form, intermediate filaments lack

A

polarity

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14
Q

Four classes of intermediate filaments

A
  1. Keratins
  2. Vimentin and vimentin-related
  3. Neurofilaments
  4. Nuclear Lamina
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15
Q

In Epithelia

A

Keratins

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16
Q

In connective tissue, muscle cells, and glial cells

A

Vimentin

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17
Q

In nerve cells

A

Neurofilaments

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18
Q

In all animal cells

A

Nuclear Lamina

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19
Q

Long still hollow tubes of proteins that can rapidly assemble or disassemble

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

Microtubules extend toward the cell periphery and provide tracks for organelle and vesicle movement

A

Interphase cell

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21
Q

Microtubules make up the mitotic spindle

A

Dividing cell

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22
Q

Provides the force and movement for chromosome separation

A

Mitotic spindle

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23
Q

Microtubules are an important component of cilia and flagella, necessary for movement

A

Cilia and Flagella

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24
Q

Microtubules subunit

A

Tubulin Heterodimer

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25
Q

Alpha-tubuilin and Beta-tubulin

A

Tubulin Heterodimer

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26
Q

The tubulin heterodimer

A

Binds and hydrolyzes GTP

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27
Q

The tubulin heterodimer stacks end-to-end in a chain to make a

A

protofilament

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28
Q

13 protofilaments align next to each other and fold over to form a hollow tube

A

Microtubule

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29
Q

Microtubules have

A

polarity

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30
Q

The end with alpha-tubulin exposed

A

Microtubule (-) end

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31
Q

The end with the Beta-tubulin exposed

A

Microtubule (+) end

32
Q

Tubulin dimers add (polymerize) to the ______ end to grow the filament

A

(+)

33
Q

Microtubules in cells are formed by

A

Polymerizing from specialized organizing centers called centrosomes

34
Q

Complex of proteins and y-tubulin ring complexes

A

Centrosomes

35
Q

A special form of tubulin that acts as nucleation site for microtubule polymerization

A

y-tubulin ring complexes

36
Q

Centrosome also contain a pair of

A

Centrioles

37
Q

Small cylindrical array of microtubules

A

Centrioles

38
Q

Important for stabilizing the centrosome organization

A

Centrioles

39
Q

What structurally mimics the (+) end of a microtubule and acts as a nucleation site for polymerization from the centrosome?

A

y-tubulin ring complex

40
Q

Microtubules grow by

A

Addition of the (+) end from the centrosome

41
Q

Undergo dynamic instability

A

Microtubules

42
Q

Growing and shrinking cycle

A

Dynamic instability

43
Q

Tubulin hydrolyzes ____ shortly after addition to the _____ end

A

GTP

(+) end

44
Q

When polymerization of GTP-tubulin is occuring rapidly, addition is

A

Faster than GTP hydrolysis

The end of the microtubule is comprised mostly of GTP-tubulin

45
Q

The end of the microtubule is comprised mostly of GTP-tubulin

A

GTP-cap

46
Q

When the rate of polymerization slows down and the tubulin dimers can hydrolyze GDP, this promotes

A

Disassembly of the microtubule

47
Q

If the rate of polymerization is faster than the rate of GTP hydrolysis

A

The microtubule will grow (it contains a GTP-cap)

48
Q

If the rate of GTP hydrolysis is faster than the rate of polymerization

A

The microtubule will disassemble (GTP-cap is lost)

49
Q

Microtubules can be stabilized by

A

Attachment to proteins or cell structures that stabilize the ends

50
Q

Microtubules can be both

A

Highly dynamic and highly stable

51
Q

Binds and stabilizes microtubules

A

Taxol

52
Q

Binds subunits and prevents polymerization

A

Colchicine, colcemid

53
Q

Commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs

A

Taxol and Cochicine

54
Q

Microtubules serve as

A

Tracks

55
Q

Carry vesicles and organelles along the microtubule tracks

A

Motor proteins

56
Q

Use ATP hydrolysis to power their movement

A

Motor proteins

57
Q

Two main types of motor proteins

A
  1. Kinesins

2. Dyneins

58
Q

Move towards the (+) end of the microtubule

A

Kinesins

59
Q

Move towards the (-) end of the microtubule

A

Dyneins

60
Q

Motor Protein structure

A

Dimers

Two Globular heads: ATPase and Microtubule binding

61
Q

Motor proteins exist as

A

Dimers

62
Q

Two globular heads of motor proteins

A

ATPase

Microtubule binding

63
Q

Make up cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

64
Q

Hair-like structures that extend from the surface of eucaryotic cells

A

Cilia

65
Q

Provide a regular “beating” movement

A

Cilia

66
Q

Epithelia cells in the respiratory tract use these to sweep dust particles out of the lungs

A

Cilia

67
Q

Larger structures similar to cilia that provide the force to propel bacteria and sperm

A

Flagella

68
Q

Made up of a column of stable microtubule array

A

Cilia and Flagella

69
Q

Microtubules are arranged in a

A

9+2 array

70
Q

9+2 array

A

9 microtubule doublets

2 central singlet microtubules

71
Q

Microtubule doublet

A

Two microtubules bound to each other

72
Q

Microtubule doublets are all linked to each other through

A

Protein nexin

73
Q

Attaches to one doublet and interacts with the adjacent doublet

A

Dynein

74
Q

Causes the microtubules to bend

A

Because of the nexin links, as dynein walks towards the (-) end of the adjacent doublet, the microtubules bend

75
Q

Provides the movement of the cilia and flagella

A

Microtubule bending

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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