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Cell Bio > Exam 4 (Topic 19) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (Topic 19) Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid-bilayers are impermeable to…

A

MOST molecules

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2
Q

Regulate what the cell gets rid of and takes in

A

Transporters and Channels

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3
Q

Very high in K+

A

Inside of the cell

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4
Q

Very high in Na+

A

Outside of the cell

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5
Q

Required to maintain difference of K+ and Na+

A

Membrane transport proteins

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6
Q

Create a barrier to the passage of most molecules

A

The lipid bilayer

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7
Q

The rate of passage varies depending on

A

Size and solubility (polarity or charge)

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8
Q

Readily diffuse across the bilayer

A

Small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2)

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9
Q

Diffuse rapidly if the are small enough

A

Uncharged polar (H2O, Ethanol)

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10
Q

Very impermeable to diffusion across the lipid bilayer

A

Larger uncharged polar and Ions

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11
Q

Two classes of membrane transport proteins

A
  1. Channels

2. Transporters

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12
Q

Allow molecules of certain size or charge

A

Channel (if open, molecule can pass through)

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13
Q

Allow passage to those molecules that fit into its binding site

A

Transporters (bind with high specificity like enzymes)

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14
Q

Bind with high specificity like enzymes

A

Transporters

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15
Q

Membrane transport proteins are

A

Multipass transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

Solutes cross membranes by

A

Passive or Active Transport

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17
Q

Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

A

Passive Transport

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18
Q

Molecules move down a concentration gradient

A

Passive Transport

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19
Q

Does not require any energy

A

Passive Transport

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20
Q

Sometimes called Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive Transport

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21
Q

Another name for Passive Transport

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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22
Q

Molecules move from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

A

Active Transport

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23
Q

Molecules move up a concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

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24
Q

Requires energy

A

Active Transport

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25
Q

Must be couple to some other process that releases energy

A

Active Transport

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26
Q

Many active transport proteins are called

A

Pumps

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27
Q

The plasma membrane has transporters for

A

Nucleotide
Sugar (Glucose)
Amino Acids
Ions

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28
Q

The_________ uses transporters for H+ to keep the pH very low

A

Lysosome

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29
Q

Lysosome uses transporters for

A

H+ to keep the pH very low

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30
Q

The ___________ uses transporters for Pyruvate and ATP

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

The mitochondria uses transporters for

A

Pyruvate and ATP

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32
Q

Glucose Transporter

A

(Glucose Uniporter) Found in the plasma membrane of many animal cells

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33
Q

Moves glucose down a concentration gradient

A

Passive Transport

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34
Q

Can switch reversibly between two different conformations

A

Protein

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35
Q

Once glucose binds, the protein

A

switches conformations and carries the glucose molecules inside the cell

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36
Q

Starvation

A

Low glucose outside the cell

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37
Q

Glucose is made in the cell through

A

gluconeogenesis

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38
Q

Glucose is transported out of the cell into the

A

Bloodstream down its concentration gradient

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39
Q

Does a glucose transporter require energy

A

No

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40
Q

Passive transport of charged molecules is dependent on

A

The electrochemical gradient

41
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A
  1. The concentration gradient

2. The membrane potential

42
Q

Outside cell charge

A

Positive

43
Q

Inside cell charge

A

Negative

44
Q

***The cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

A

has a negative membrane potential relative to the outside

45
Q

Charged ions will move

A

down their membrane potential

46
Q

A negative ion will move

A

from inside the cell to outside

47
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge on either side of the membrane

48
Q

The difference in electrical charge on either side of the membrane

A

Membrane Potential

49
Q

Passive transport of charged molecules is dependent upon

A

The electrochemical gradient

50
Q

The movement of charged solute is dependent on

A

The sum of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential

51
Q

When there is a lot of positive charges outside the cell, electrochemical gradient, when voltage and concentration gradients work…

A

In the same direction

52
Q

When there is a lot of positive charges inside the cell, electrochemical gradient, when voltage and concentration gradients work…

A

In opposite directions

53
Q

Na+ wants inside for

A

the negative charge

54
Q

Ka+ doesn’t want to outside because of

A

the positive charge outside

55
Q

When solutes move against their electrochemical gradient

A

Active Transport

56
Q

Three ways cells use active transport

A
  1. Coupled transporters
  2. ATP-driven pumps
  3. Light driven pumps
57
Q

Light driven pumps

A

found mainly in bacteria (bacteriorhodopsin)

58
Q

Pumps both Na+ and K+ against their electrochemical gradient

A

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

59
Q

ATPase

A

can hydrolyze ATP itself for energy

60
Q

NA+/K+ ATPase Pump is important for

A

keeping the cytoplasm low in Na+ and high in K+

61
Q

Responsible for keeping the cytoplasm low in Na+ and high in K+

A

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

62
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump process

A
  1. Na+ binds inside the cell
  2. Na+/K+ pump phosphorylates itself
  3. Conformation changes and releases Na+
  4. K+ binds to pump
  5. Pump is dephosphorylated
  6. Conformation changes and K+ is released
63
Q

The plasma membrane is permeable to

A

water

64
Q

Water will flow from low solute (more water) to high solute (less water)

A

Osmosis

65
Q

To facilitate osmosis, cells

A

Contain water channels called aquaporins

66
Q

Water channels

A

Aquaporins

67
Q

Allows water to move through the cell

A

Aquaporins

68
Q

Osmosis is ________ transport.

A

Passive

69
Q

Keeps the pH of the lysosome low

A

H+ ATPase pump

70
Q

Regulate the pH of the cytoplasm by pumping H+ out of the cell

A

H+ ATPase Pump

71
Q

Important for keeping the pH of the lysosome low by pumping H+ into the lysosome

A

H+ ATPase Pump

72
Q

_______ is needed in lysosome to help degrade molecules

A

Low pH

73
Q

Couple transport agains an electrochemical gradient with transport down an electrochemical grandient

A

Coupled Transporters

74
Q

Two types of coupled transporters

A
  1. Symport

2. Antiport

75
Q

When both solutes move in the same direction

A

Symport

76
Q

When the two solutes move in opposite directions

A

Antiport

77
Q

Do coupled transporters require energy

A

No

78
Q

Gut epithelium is lined by

A

Intestinal epithelial cells

79
Q

Epithelial cells in the lumen of the gut are separated by

A

Tight Junctions

80
Q

Faces the gut lumen

A

Apical side

81
Q

Faces the bloodstream and tissues

A

Basolateral Side

82
Q

Epithelial cells have _________ on apical side to increase cell surface area

A

Microvilli

83
Q

Increase surface area of the cell

A

Microvilli

84
Q

Allows the import of glucose from the gut against its concentration gradient

A

Glucose-Na+ Symporter

Into the cell; Apical side

85
Q

Regulates membrane potential

A

Na+/K+ pump (Basolateral Side)

86
Q

Releases glucose to the blood stream if needed

A

Glucose uniporter (Basolateral Side)

87
Q

Glucose-Na+ Symporter

A

Apical Side - into the cell

88
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

Basolateral Side

89
Q

Glucose uniporter

A

Basolater Side

90
Q

The energy comes from the Na+ electrochemical gradient

A

Active Transport

91
Q

Allows cells to maximize glucose uptake, even if the cell or bloodstream is rich in glucose

A

Glucose-Na+ Symporter

Active Transport

92
Q

During starvation conditions

A

Gut lumen = low in glucose
Cell = high in glucose (because of gluconeogenesis)
Bloodstream (Extracellular) = Low in glucose

93
Q

What type of molecules most easily pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Small non polar

94
Q

Molecules passing through the plasma membrane order

A
  1. small non polar (easiest)
  2. Uncharged polar
  3. Larger uncharged polar and ions (hardest)
95
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin is _________ transport

A

Active

96
Q

Pump: Up: Energy

A

Active Transport

97
Q

NA + goes

A

Down gradient

98
Q

Glucose goes

A

Up gradient

99
Q

K+ goes

A

Up gradient

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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