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Cell Bio > Exam 3 (Topic 11) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Topic 11) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can you use antibodies to visualize antigens inside a cell?

A

By covalently linking them to fluorophores

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2
Q

First observer of chromosomes

A

Walter Flemming

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3
Q

Worked on Streptococcus Pneumonia

A

Fred Griffith

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4
Q

Worked on Test Tube Analysis of the “Transforming Principle”

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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5
Q

Worked on Bacteriophage T2 infection of E. Coli

A

Alfred Hershey and Marth Chase

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6
Q

Polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host immune system is found in…

A

The smooth strain of S. Pneumonia

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7
Q

No capsule and pathogenic is found in

A

Rough strain of S. Pneumonia

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8
Q

Protein + DNA =

A

Viruses

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9
Q

Hershey and Chase Experiment

A

Used T2 and inject only radioactive DNA into the cell, the radioactive protein coat remains outside the cell. Isolated only infected E. coli and found the radioactive DNA but NOT the protein.

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10
Q

A virus that infects E. Coli

A

T2

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11
Q

How was DNA found to contain two strands wound into a helix

A

X-ray Diffraction

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12
Q

DNA Double helix structure

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

Forgotten Discoverer of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

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14
Q

DNA is synthesized

A

5’–> 3’

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15
Q

Strands that complete the double helix of DNA are

A

Anti-parallel complementary strands

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16
Q

A-T and C-G are stabilized by…

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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17
Q

DNA has an over all - charge because…

A

of the highly - charged phosphate backbone

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18
Q

DNA double helix contains

A

Major groove (proteins and enzymes bind here) and Minor groove

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19
Q

Major and minor grooves are important for…

A

how proteins interact with the molecule

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20
Q

What creates the genetic code

A

linear arrangements of nucleotides

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21
Q

Segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein

A

Gene

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22
Q

The complete set of information in an organism

A

Genome

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23
Q

Collection of all DNA sequence

A

Genome

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24
Q

Each human contains _______ of DNA

A

2m or 6ft

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25
Q

Very long double stranded DNA packaged into specialized structures

A

Chromosomes (only in Eucaryotic cells)

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26
Q

Bacteria carry their genome…

A

on a single, circular DNA molecule, sometimes referred to as a “bacterial chromosome”

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27
Q

The human genome is packaged into ….

A

24 chromosomes: 22 identical pairs and 2 sex chromosomes (1 pair)

28
Q

Chromosomes differ in size because of…

A

the number of nucleotides

29
Q

Chromosome need to be able to replicate and divide through the…

A

Cell Cyce

30
Q

Two main phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and Mitosis (M-phase)

31
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated

A

Interphase

32
Q

Chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

33
Q

Chromosomes that are extended into long threads of DNA

A

Interphase Chromosomes

34
Q

Chromosomes contain…

A

Replication Origin and Telomeres

35
Q

Specific nucleotide sequence that determines where replication will begin

A

Replication Origin

36
Q

Special sequences found on the ends of chromosomes that enable the ends of the chromosomes to be replicated

A

Telomeres

37
Q

Two lipid bilayers containing “nuclear pores” to allow transfer of material

A

Nuclear Envelope

38
Q

A network of intermediate filaments that stabilizes the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Lamina

39
Q

Region within the nucleus where different chromosomes carrying genes for ribosomal RNA cluster together

A

Nucleolous (makes ribosomal RNA and other RNA)

40
Q

Chromosomes that do not mix together, but occupy distinct regions of the nucleus

A

Interphase chromosomes

41
Q

During M phase the DNA coils up into a compact mitotic chromosome

A

Mitotic Chromosome

42
Q

DNA sequence that allows each copy of chromosomes to be separated during M phase

A

Centromere

43
Q

Complex of both proteins and DNA in the nucleus

A

Chromatin

44
Q

Lysing the nucleus

A

extends DNA

45
Q

When spread out further the DNA resembles beads on a string

A

nucleosome

46
Q

DNA wound around protein core of histones

A

nucleosomes

47
Q

Small proteins with a high proportion of + charged lysine and arginine

A

Histones

48
Q

Complex of 8 histone proteins

A

Histone Octamer

49
Q

Components of Nucleosomes

A

Histone Octamer, 147 nt DNA wound around Octamer, Short linker DNA

50
Q

Nucleosome packed on top of one another is dependent on…

A

Histone H1 (not a part of the histone ocatamer)

51
Q

Binds to the linker DNA and pulls the nucleosome together

A

Histone H1

52
Q

During ______ chromatin can be condensed further

A

Mitosis

53
Q

Contains and N-terminal tail which extends from the nucleosome and is subject to covalent modifications to affect nucleosome structure

A

Histone H3 (Part of that Histone Octamer)

54
Q

Acetyl, Phosphate, and Methyl

A

functional groups that can be added to individual amino acids

55
Q

Chromosome structure modified by

A

histone modifying enzymes; reversible, can control chromatin organization to control gene expression

56
Q

Protein complexes that utilize ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA

A

Chromatin-remodeling Complexes; makes DNA more accessible; tightly regulated(inactive) during mitosis to maintain tight packaging of chromosomes

57
Q

Most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

58
Q

Typically concentrated at the ends of centromeres of the chromosome

A

Heterochromatin

59
Q

Formation of the most common form of heterochromatin occurs through

A

Methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3

60
Q

DNA of interphase chromosomes that is not heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin

61
Q

So tightly packed that proteins cannot access this DNA

A

Heterchromatin

62
Q

Formed in X-inactivation to silence one of two X chromosomes permanently

A

Heterochromatin

63
Q

Inappropriate packaging of genes into heterochromatin can lead to

A

Disease

64
Q

Histone modification is transferred from

A

Parental cells to daughter cells

65
Q

One strand of parental DNA contains the modified histones which are then copied onto…

A

newly synthesized nucleosome

66
Q

Inheritance of specifically modified histone proteins or other covalent modifications that affect chromosome structure

A

Epigenetic Inheritance

67
Q

The sum of all chromatin modifications in an organism

A

Epigenome

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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