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Exam1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vesicles that contain oxidase and catalase in order to create and degrade hydrogen peroxide.

A

Peroxisomes

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2
Q

Thin outer boundary that separates the interior of the cell from the extra cellular environment.

A

Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

Contain DNA that form the chromosomes of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Involved in the transport of material between one organelle and another, or between the cell and extra cellular environment.

A

Vesicles

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5
Q

Double membrane bound organelle that produces ATP by utilizing oxygen during cellular respiration.

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

The fluid interior of the cell that remains when the organelles are removed.

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

Site of synthesis for proteins that are destined to be exported out of the cell or proteins that are to remain in the plasma membrane.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

Molecules are chemically modified by the addition of sugars or lipids.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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9
Q

Contains enzymes that digest sugars, lipids, and proteins to recycle and digest material that is no longer needed by the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology.

A

Replication-> DNA ->Transcription-> RNA ->Translation-> Proteins

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11
Q

Which microscope most appropriate to look at a live cell?

A

Phase contrast microscope

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12
Q

Similarity and difference between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells?

A

Similarity: both have DNA
Difference: eukaryotic have a true nucleus

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13
Q

Which organism would be the most appropriate to study human disease?

A

Mus Musculus

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14
Q

Bacteria cell

A

3 micrometers = 10^6 meters

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15
Q

Size large to small of cell contents

A

Cell, Organelle, Molecule, Atom

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16
Q

All eucaryotic cells contain?

A

Organelles

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17
Q

Within cells and organelles are?

A

Molecules

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18
Q

All molecules are made up of?

A

Atoms

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19
Q

Chemical codes stored in the DNA of all cells.

A

Genes

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20
Q

Double stranded polymer chains composed of four individual nucleotides.

A

DNA

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21
Q

Four nucleotide that make up DNA.

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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22
Q

All cells contain _______ copies of DNA called _______.

A

Identical

Genome

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23
Q

When cells divide they copy their genome through ______.

A

DNA Replication

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24
Q

Sum of all 35000 genes in DNA

A

Genome

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25
Q

DNA code is deciphered into _______.

A

RNA

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26
Q

RNA turns into _______.

A

Protein

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27
Q

The genetic information contained within the DNA.

A

Genes

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28
Q

Genes are expressed by turning the genetic code into _____ and _______.

A

RNA

Protein

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29
Q

DNA is copied into RNA code through ________.

A

Transcription

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30
Q

The RNA code is then made into functioning proteins through ________.

A

Translation

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31
Q

The genetic code in RNA is translated into a stretch of ______ ______ that make up protein.

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

There are _____ amino acids that all cells use to make up proteins.

A

20

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33
Q

DNA to RNA and RNA to Proteins

A

Central Dogma

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34
Q

The entire library of genetic information in its DNA.

A

Genome

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35
Q

How the genome is decoded provides instructions for cells to differentiate into what specialized cells?

A

Fat cells
Skin cells
Muscle cells
Bone cells

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36
Q

Certain genes are expressed to make different types of cells is known as?

A

Differentiation

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37
Q

Fat, skin, muscle, and bone cells all contain identical copies of DNA but express their _____ differently.

A

Genes

RNA and protein differ

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38
Q

Cell Theory

A

1830’s
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Systematic investigation of plant and animal tissues generated the Cell Theory

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39
Q

3 criteria of The Cell Theory

A
  1. The cell is the universal building block of all living tissues and organisms.
  2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  3. All cells arise only from pre-exisging cells.
    Must have one of the three to be considered living.
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40
Q

A single cell organism

A

Bacterium

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41
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Plants and animals

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42
Q

Contain protein and DNA (or RNA):.
Cannot replicate autonomously
Have no other cellular machine
Rely on cells that they infect to reproduce

A

Viruses

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43
Q

Changes in the DNA which create daughter cells that are not exact copies of parental cells.

A

Mutations

They make diversity

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44
Q

Mutation where cells are:

  1. Less able to survive.
  2. Equally viable.
  3. Better able to survive.
A
  1. Negative
  2. Neutral
  3. Advantageous
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45
Q

Eliminates the negative, tolerates the neutral, and favors advantageous.

A

Natural Selection

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46
Q

Basis foe cellular evolution.

A

Mutations over billions of cell generations

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47
Q

Ancestral cell

A

Existed between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago.

Ancestral procaryotic replicated and evolved.

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48
Q

Cells have evolved into 3 main domains:

A

Archaea
Bactria (procaryotes)
Eucaryotes

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49
Q

First observer of cells

A

Robert Hooke 1665

Cork - plant tissue, what he was seeing was thick cell walls that he believed to be chambers

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50
Q

First observer of living cells

A

Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 1670s
Built over 500 microscopes
Commonly known as “The Father of Microbiology”

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51
Q

The ability to distinguish two objects as separate

A

Resolution

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52
Q

Microscope that can be used on live and dead cells, and use UV and visible light to illuminate objects.

A

Light Microscopy
Resolution: only 200 nm
Eucaryote cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondria

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53
Q

Microscope that can only be used on dead cells Nd uses electron beam to illuminate objects.

A

Electron microscopy
Resolution: 2 nm
Imaging done under a vacuum
Mycoplasma, viruses, proteins

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54
Q

Cells are typically in the micrometer range. They are typically imaged with __________ microscopy.

A

Light

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55
Q

Us cellular components, such as organelles and molecules are in the nanometer range and are typically imaged with ________ microscopy.

A

Electron

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56
Q

Most basic form of light microscopy.
Can only image stained cells.
Since the staining kills the cells, it is used on dead cells.

A

Bright Field

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57
Q

Uses the cells ability to refract light so that cells can be visualized without staining.
Allows you to look at live cells.

A

Type of light microscopy.

Phase Contrast

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58
Q

Uses the same principle as phase contrast, using the cell’s ability to refract light. More sensitive than phase contrast and gives a 3D appearance. Can also be used on live cells.

A

DIC

Differential Interference Contrast

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59
Q

Uses a UV or laser light source to illuminate a fluorophore.

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

Type of Light Microscopy

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60
Q

Molecule or protein that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at a different wavelength.

A

Fluorophore

Dead cells can be stained with a fluorophore.

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61
Q

Small molecule that is a fluorophore that binds to DNA.

A

DAPI

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62
Q

Fluorophores that are proteins that can be attached to proteins of a cell and can be utilized to look at proteins in a live cell.

A

Fluorescent Proteins

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63
Q

Most famous fluorescent protein.

A

GFP
Green fluorescent proteins
Isolated from the jellyfish aequorea Victoria

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64
Q

Location of a protein in a cell tells you

A

A lot about its function

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65
Q

A special type of microscope that can create an optical section of a specimen.

A

Confocal fluorescence microscope
Advantageous for thick secimens
By complaining multiple optical sections a 3D image can be reconstructed

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66
Q

Electron microscopy vs Light microscopy

A

Electron better resolution but kills the sample

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67
Q

Electrons are transmitted through the specimen. Parts of the cells will absorb electrons and other parts will allow electrons to freely pass through. Creates a flat 2D image. Allows you to look at the structure and organization of very small objects such as organelles and proteins.

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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68
Q

Specimens are coated with metal. A beam of electrons is directed at the specimen and are reflected go a detector. Creates a 3D image of a specimen. Allows you to look at 3D shape of specimens.

A

Scanning electron microscopy

Topographical map

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69
Q

Can be used on live and dead cells.
Uses UV and visible light to illuminate objects.
Resolution of .2 micrometers.

A

Light microscopy

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70
Q

Can only be used on dead cells.
Imaging done under a vacuum.
Uses an electron beam to illuminate objects.
Resolution of 2 nanometers or .002 micrometers.

A

Electron microscopy

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71
Q

This outer boundary of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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72
Q

Fluid interior of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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73
Q

Contains genetic information surrounded by inner membrane.

A

Nucleus

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74
Q

Separate recognizable sub structures bound by thin boundaries called membranes.

A

Organelles

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75
Q

Organelle membranes

A

Internal membranes

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76
Q

Procaryotic shapes and structure

A

Rod, spherical, and corkscrew
Only a few micrometers in size
Tough cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane
Can replicate in 20 min
Evolve quickly because of conjugation (ex. Becoming immune to antibiotics)

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77
Q

Ability to exchange genetic material

A

Conjugation

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78
Q

Mostly live as single-celled organisms in chains of clusters.

A

Prokaryotes

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79
Q

Most of the species of prokaryotes that are familiar to life

Ex. E. coli

A

Bacteria (eubacteria)

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80
Q

Bacteria that exist in hostile environments

A

Archaea

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81
Q

Cells are bigger. Can live as single celled organisms or multicellular. Contain plasma membrane and membrane bound organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

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82
Q

Difference and similarities between euk. And pro.

A

Same: plasma membrane, single cell, have DNA, divide
Different: size, membrane organelles. Nucleus, pro have plasmid

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83
Q 
Present in all euk.
Can be one to many micrometers 
Contain double membrane 
Thought to be derived from bacteria engulfed by ancestor cells
Exist in symbiotic relationship
A

Mitochondria

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84
Q

Theory that mitochondria were derived from bacteria that were once engulfed by ancestor cells.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

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85
Q

Two supports for endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria have their own DNA

Mitochondria reproduce by dividing

86
Q

Utilizes oxidation of food molecules to produce ATP

A

Mitochondria

87
Q

Consume oxygen and release CO2

A

Cellular respiration

Mitochondria do this

88
Q

Organelles of plants and algae that contain two membranes and green pigment chlorophyll. Perform photosynthesis and contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing.

A

Chloroplasts

89
Q

Exports neurotransmitter a to another cell

A

Exocytosis

90
Q

Contain a membrane bound envelope and contains DNA that form chromosomes.

A

Nucleus

91
Q

Membrane bound organelle studded by ribosomes

A

ER

92
Q

Site of synthesis of proteins that are in the plasma membrane of cells or that are destined to be exported to the outside of the cell

A

ER

93
Q

Molecular machine that synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

94
Q

Flattened membrane enclosed sacs that chemically modifies molecules made in the ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

95
Q

Involved in the transport if material between membranes or material destined for export

A

Vesicles

96
Q

Exocytosis

A

Blueprint -manufacture - maturation - transport - release (Exo)
Nucleus - ER - Golgi - Vesicles - plasma membrane

97
Q

Digests sugars and lipids to recycle cellular components no longer needed.
Recycling center or stomach of the cell

A

Lysosomes

98
Q

Contains oxidase and catalase to create and degrade hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes
Oxidase - makes hydrogen peroxide
Catalase - degrades it

99
Q

Entire contents of cell

A

Cytoplasm

100
Q

What remains after organelles are removed

A

Cytosol

101
Q

Major site for protein synthesis by free ribosomes

A

Cytoskeleton

102
Q

Smallest component of cytoskeleton in euk.

Responsible for generating contracting forces

A

Actin filaments

103
Q

Thickest filament on cytoskeleton of euk.
Hollow tube filaments
Responsible for pulling DNA into daughter cells during cell division

A

Micro tubules

104
Q

Intermediate thickness between actin and micro tubules
Strengthen the cell mechanically
Resist pulling and stretching

A

Intermediate filaments

105
Q

The cell theory that all cells descended from a common ancestor and understanding that cells from one organism can contribute to our knowledge of other organisms

A

Model Organisms

106
Q

Model Organisms must have:

A
  1. Able to be genetically manipulated
  2. Rapid rate of reproduction
  3. Able grow under controlled conditions
107
Q

Small single celled fungus
One of the simplest euk cells
Human proteins function in it
Most of the knowledge of cell division came from it
Mainly used to study exocytosis and protein function

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Brewers yeast

108
Q

Most common model system to study plants

Important to understand plant gene function and plant immunity

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana

Mouse-ear cress

109
Q

Small genome

Good for studying genetics and inheritance

A

Drosophila melanogaster

Fruit fly

110
Q

Has exactly 959 total cells and each cell has been mapped from the first cell embryo stage
Good for studying development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

Roundworm

111
Q

Primary model for cellular and physiological processes specific to mammals and humans
Can mimic human diseases

A

Mus Musculus

Laboratory mouse

112
Q

Smallest particle of matter

A

Atom

113
Q

Protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

114
Q

Represents atoms

Cloud of electrons held in orbit by nucleus

A

Bohr Model

115
Q

Number of protons in an atomic nucleus

A

Atomic number

Ex. Carbon 6 protons 6 neutrons

116
Q

Chemically identified elements with varying number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

Ex. 14 carbon: 6 protons and 8 neutrons

117
Q

Mass of an element relative to hydrogen

A

Atomic weight

P + N

118
Q

What is the atomic weight if nitrogen with an atomic number of 7?

A

14

119
Q

Make up 99% of atoms present in humans

A

H, C, N, O

Na, Mg, K, Ca P S Cl about .9%

120
Q

Electrons can only occupy discrete orbits of an atom

A

Electron shell

121
Q

Share an electron between two nonmetals or identical elements

A

Covalent bonds

122
Q

Give up or gain electrons between nonmetal and metal

A

Ionic bonds

123
Q

The number of electrons an atom must acquire or lose to attain a filled outer shell determines __________________.

A

The number of bonds it can make.

124
Q

The state of the outer shell determines ______________.

A

The chemical properties of the element.

125
Q

An element with 1 electron in its 2nd outer shell acts similar to an element with

A

One electron in its 3rd shell

126
Q

Most likely to be formed by atoms that have just one or two electrons in their outer shell or just one or two electrons remaining until their outer shell is filled

A

Ionic bonds

127
Q

When an electron goes from Na to Cl both atoms become _________.

A

Ions

128
Q

Two ions are attracted to each other through _________.

A

Electrostatic interactions

129
Q

Bonds that allow for rotation

A

Single bonds

130
Q

Bonds that restrict movement and is stronger

A

Double bonds

131
Q

Highly electronegative

A

O and N

132
Q

Partial positive charge is concentrated towards the H and partial negative towards the O

A

Polar covalent bond in water

133
Q

C-H bonds are

A

No polar

134
Q

Polar molecules can interact with other polar molecules through ________ ___________.

A

Electrostatic interactions

Water can disrupt these because it is highly polar

135
Q

DNA sugars and proteins

A

Polar

136
Q

Weaker bonds than covalent and ionic.

A

H-bonds

137
Q

Contain polar bonds that can form hydrogen bonds and mix well with water

A

Hydrophilic molecules

Sugars, DNA, RNA, and a majority of proteins

138
Q

Uncharged nonpolar and do not dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

Hydrocarbons, C-H bonds, fats

139
Q

Proteins (amino acids) are

A

Hydrophilic

140
Q

Strength and energy released strongest to weakest for bonds

A

Covalent -ionic - hydrogen bonds

141
Q

Proteins made of amino acids that catalyze a chemical reaction

A

Enzymes

Break apart covalent bonds in living cells

142
Q

Release protons when dissolved in H2O

A

Acids

The more H+ the more acidic

143
Q

H+ associated with water

A

Hydronium ion

H3O+

144
Q

Accepts H+

A

Base

OH- hydroxyl ion is a base

145
Q

Concentration of H+

A

pH
>7 is basic
<7 is acidic

146
Q

Weak acids and bases that can regulate pH

A

Buffers

147
Q

Four families of organic compounds in cells

A

Sugars
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides

148
Q

Small organic molecules are used as monomers to create ___________.

A

Macromolecules or polymers

149
Q

A large molecule made up of smaller repeating units connected to each other

A

Macromolecules

150
Q
  1. Polymer of monosaccharides (polysaccharide)
  2. “Polymer” of fatty acids
  3. Polymer of amino acids
  4. Polymer of nucleotides
A
  1. Sugars
  2. Fats, lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. DNA RNA
151
Q

Building blocks of polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

152
Q

Monosaccharides are linked by

A

Glycosidic bonds which is a condensation reaction reversible through hydrolysis

153
Q

Two monosaccharides linked together

A

Disaccharide

154
Q

Larger polymers of monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

155
Q

Contains thousands of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

156
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide

157
Q

Same chemical formula with different arrangements of atoms

A

Isomer

158
Q

The hydroxyl group of monosaccharides can be replaced by other functional groups

A

Sugar derivatives

Ex. Glucosamine

159
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose

160
Q

Polymers that can be highly branched and complex

A

Polysaccharides
Sugar polymers
Starch and glycogen

161
Q

Polysaccharides comprised of glucose units joined together with long term storage of high energy glucose

A

Starch and Glycogen

162
Q

Polysaccharides of glucose that forms plant cell wall and provides structural support

A

Cellulose

163
Q

Linear polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that comprises insect exoskeleton

A

Chitin

164
Q

Oligosaccharides (smaller chains of monosaccharides) covalently linked to proteins

A

Glycoproteins

165
Q

Oligosaccharides covalently linked to lipids or fatty acid

A

Glycolipids

166
Q

Long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) with a carbonyl group (hydrophilic) that behaves as an acid

A

Fatty acid

Covalently linked by their -COOH

167
Q

Molecules which possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

Amphipathic

Fatty acids are amphipathic

168
Q

Hydrocarbon tail has no double bonds

A

Saturated fatty acid tail

169
Q

C=C double bond creates a kink in the fatty acid tail

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acid saturation gives fats and lipids their properties

170
Q

Serve as concentrated energy reserves
Can produce 6x more energy than glucose
Stored in the cytoplasm as droplets of triaclyglycerol molecules

A

Fatty acids

171
Q

Three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ___________.

A

Ester linkages

When a cell needs energy it can break down the fatty acid tail and release the energy from the c-c bond

172
Q

A process that saturates the oil and makes it more solid

A

Hydrogenated oil

173
Q

Loose term for fatty acid polymers triaclyglycerol
Commonly insoluble in water and soluble in fat and organic solvents
Typically long hydrocarbon tails

A

Lipids

174
Q

Ring fatty acids such as cholesterol and testosterone

A

Steroids

175
Q

Fatty acids are the basic unit of ___________, which make up cellular membranes

A

Phospholipids
Two fatty tails linked to glycerol
Third hydroxyl on glycerol is linked to hydrophilic phosphate group which is usually linked to a small hydrophilic polar head

176
Q

Fits in between fatty acid tails and helps stiffen the membrane

A

Cholesterol

177
Q

Cell membranes are also composed of

A

Glycolipids

Similar to phospholipids but instead of a phosphate and polar group they contain one or more sugars (oligosaccharides)

178
Q

Phospholipid’s ________ properties is what is able to form membranes.

A

Amphipathic

179
Q

Circle of hydrophilic heads protecting hydrophobic tails

A

Micelles

180
Q

What would you predict if a cell membrane was made entirely of saturated phospholipids with no cholesterol in the membrane?

A

The membrane would be less fluid and might break if pulled

181
Q

Rank of membrane composition

A

Only saturated fatty acids - 1/3 unsaturated, 1/3 sat and 1/3 cholesterol - 1/2 sat and 1/2 unsaturated

From less fluid to more fluid

182
Q

The building blocks for polypeptides like proteins

A

Amino acids

183
Q

The basic amino acid structure contains:

A

Amino group
Central alpha carbon
Side chain R group (any 1 of 20 amino acid side chains)
Carboxyl group

184
Q

The three main groups of amino acids:

A
  1. Nonpolar hydrophobic
  2. Polar uncharged
  3. Polar charged
185
Q

Nonpolar hydrophobic

A

(9) alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, glycine, cysteine

186
Q

Polar uncharged

A

(5) asparagine, glut amine, serine, threonine, tyrosine

187
Q

Polar charged

A

Come back to

188
Q

Amino acids linked by covalent bonds

A

Peptide bond

Condensation reaction

189
Q

Every polypeptide bond has:

A

Amino (N-) terminus

Carboxyl (C-) terminus

190
Q

Formed by a single covalent bond which allow flexibility of the polymer

A

Polypeptides

191
Q

Single covalent bonds in polypeptide chains allow the chain to adopt multiple __________.

A

Conformations: 3D shape

Bonds form between amino acid chains to form stable conformations

192
Q

Polymer of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

193
Q

A molecule of a nitrogen containing ring compound linked to a 5 carbon sugar (pentose) linked through N-glycosidic bond

A

Nucleoside

194
Q

Sugar can be either

A

Ribose used in RNA or deoxyribose used in DNA

195
Q

Nucleoside pyrimidine

A 
Uracil
Cytosine
Thymine
Uridine
Cytidine
Thymidine
196
Q

Nucleoside Purine

A

Adenine
Guanine
Adenosine
Guanosine

197
Q

A nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups linked to the pentose

A

Nucleotide

198
Q

Nucleotides containing ribose

A

Ribonucleotides

199
Q

Nucleotides containing deoxyribose

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

200
Q

Each nucleotide is named after

A

The base that it contains

201
Q

The basic energy unit if the cell

A

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

202
Q

Three phosphates linked by phosphoanhydride bonds that contain large amounts of energy

A

ATP

203
Q

Building blocks for nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

A

Nucleotides

204
Q

Nucleotides are covalently linked by

A

Phosphodiester bonds in a condensation reaction

Linked between the phosphate group of the 5 carbon-phosphate and the 3 hydroxyl group

205
Q

A single polynucleotide chain

A

Ribonucleic acid
Sugar - ribose
Bases - A-U or C-G

206
Q

Usually occurs as a double helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds between bases

A

Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
Sugar -deoxyribose
Bases -A-T or C-G

207
Q

Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA

A

Similarity: polymers of nucleotides, 3’ 5’ phosphodiester bond linkage, overall negative charged because of the phosphate backbone
Difference: double vs single stranded structure, deoxyribose vs ribose as the sugar, thymidine (DNA) vs uridine (RNA) for the nucleotide

208
Q

Make up the majority of organic molecules in the cell

A

Macromolecules

209
Q

Each polymer chain grows by:

A

Addition of a monomer onto one end of the polymer chain via a condensation reaction

210
Q

In all cases, the reactions are catalyzed by specific enzymes for what reason?

A

To ensure the correct Chemistry

211
Q

Not a type of bond, but rather the exclusion of nonpolar molecules in a polar environment

A

Hydrophobic interactions

212
Q

Nonpolar amino acid side chains will cluster with each other to avoid exposure to polar water to:

A

Give proteins their globular shape which forces phospholipid molecules together in cell membranes

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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