Toddlerhood

Question 1

the body grows _____ and ______ during toddlerhood

Answer 1

• swift
• steady

Question 2

throughout childhood, the average _____ is slightly taller. and heavier than the average _______

Answer 2

• boy
• girl

Question 3

________ deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries, it makes them vulnerable to disease and early death.

A) calcium

B) folate

C) iron

D) protein

Answer 3

D) protein

Question 4

One outcome specific to toddlerhood is kwashiorkor, in which _______ deficiency leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability and thinning hair and the body swells with water in the belly

Answer 4

protein

Question 5

Early brain development is most distinguished by the steep increase in synaptic ______, the number of synaptic connections among neuron

Answer 5

density

Question 6

he peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the _____ birthday

A) fourth

B) first

C) second

D) third

Answer 6

D) third

Question 7

synaptic density multiply immensely in the first 3 years, and toddlerhood is when peak production of new synapses is reached in the ________ lobes, the part of our brain that is the location of many of our most distinctively human cognitive qualities, such as reasoning, planning and creativity

Answer 7

frontal

Question 8

after the peak of synaptic density, what occurs

Answer 8

synaptic pruning

Question 9

Sleep declines from 16–18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about _______ hours by the second birthday.

Answer 9

• 12-13

Question 10

On average, children begin to walk without support at about 11 months old, but there is a wide range of normal _______ around this average

Answer 10

variation

Question 11

the word ______ is in reference to their tentative, unsteady, wide-stance steps.

Answer 11

toddler

Question 12

he longer breastfeeding continues into toddlerhood, the more challenging _______ becomes if it is the mother who decides the time has come for the child to stop drinking breast milk.

Answer 12

weaning

Question 13

what are the two sensorimotor states that occur during toddlerhood?

Answer 13

• tertiary circular reactions
• mental representations

Question 14

Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development in which toddlers first think about the range of possibilities and then select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome

Answer 14

mental representations

Question 15

The ability for mental representation of actions also makes possible ______ imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time

Answer 15

deferred imitation

Question 16

Piaget believed that mental representations is the basis of ________

Answer 16

categorisation

Question 17

The __________ is the distance between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

Answer 17

zone of proximal development

Question 18

________, is the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development

Answer 18

scaffolding

Question 19

when infants exposed to an unusual facial expression from an unfamiliar adult, imitating it when the same adult appeared before them the next day

Answer 19

deferred imitation

Question 20

Barbaras idea of _______ participation refers to the interaction between two people as they participate in culturally valued activities

Answer 20

guided

Question 21

Toddlers’ single words are called ________, meaning that for them a single word can be used to represent different forms of whole sentences

Answer 21

holophrases

Question 22

Toddlers also exhibit ________, applying a general word to a specific object

Answer 22

underextension

Question 23

Another way toddlers make the most of their limited vocabulary is to have a single word represent a variety of related objects, what is this called

A) overextension

B) under-extension

C) morphology

D) homophrase

Answer 23

A) overextension

Question 24

After just one time of being told what an object is called, toddlers this age will learn it and remember it, a process called ____ ______

Answer 24

fast mapping

Question 25

After just one time of being told what an object is called, toddlers this age will learn it and remember it, a process called

A) telegraphic speech

B) categorisation

C) fast mapping

D) assimilation

Answer 25

C) fast mapping

Question 26

As they learn the grammar of their language, they make mistakes that reflect ____________, which means applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule.

A) overextension

B) holophrases

C) overregularisation

D) under regulisation

Answer 26

C) overregularisation

Question 27

When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is the .

a) inability of apes to make requests

b) inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

c) inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans

d) faster pace of humans’ sign language

Answer 27

b

Question 28

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to result?

a. She will have difficulty producing speech.

b. She will show no emotion.

c. She will have difficulty with speech comprehension.

d. She will no longer be able to form short-term memories.

Answer 28

a

Question 29

Which is an example of overextension?

a. A child saying, ‘Mummy goed to the store.’

b. A child saying, ‘The sun is smiling at me.’

c. A child calling all men ‘Dada’.

d. A child saying, ‘Mommy gone!’

Answer 29

c

Question 30

Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother, pointed to the glass on the counter and said, ‘Juice.’ This is an example of .

fast mapping

underextension

overregularisation

a holophrase

Answer 30

a holophrase

Question 31

new emotions appear, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy and pride, these are known as _______ emotions

Answer 31

secondary

Question 32

The secondary emotions are called ________ emotions because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong

Answer 32

sociomoral

Question 33

an important sociomoral emotion that first develops in toddlerhood is ________, the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress

Answer 33

empathy

Question 34

Although self-awareness begins to develop during infancy, it advances in important ways during toddlerhood. It is during the second and third years of life that children first demonstrate self-_______, ability to recognise one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

Answer 34

self recognition

Question 35

bout the same time self-recognition first appears (as indicated in the red-nose test), toddlers also begin to use personal pronouns for the first time (‘I’, ‘me’, ‘mine’), and they begin to refer to themselves by their own name, what does this reflect?

A) self schemas

B) self identity

C) self reflection

D) self evaluation

Answer 35

C) self reflection

Question 36

he study of animal behaviour, also provides evidence of the biological basis of human gender differences.

Answer 36

ethnology

Question 37

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?

anger

guilt

fear

happiness

Answer 37

guilt

Question 38

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing .

expressive language ability

short-term memory

self-recognition

gender identity

Answer 38

self-recognition

Question 39

Secure attachment is characterised by ____________.

the child looking to the mother for approval of gender-appropriate behaviour

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation

the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return

Answer 39

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

Question 40

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the Strange Situation test?

He usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns, he greets her happily and begins to smile.

He shows little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response when she departs.

He is less likely than others to explore the room and pushes the mother away when she attempts to comfort him or pick him up.

He seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

Answer 40

He usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns, he greets her happily and begins to smile.

Question 41

At school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, at university, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research, he most likely had a(n) attachment classification.

insecure–avoidant

insecure–resistant

disorganised–disoriented

difficult

Answer 41

disorganised–disoriented

Question 42

When it comes to attachment, .

a. children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life

b. Ainsworth’s early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure–resistant attachments to their mothers

c. studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure–avoidant attachment is the most common classification

d. studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan

Answer 42

a

Question 43

healthiest classification of parent–child attachment, in which the child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore, protests when separated from parent and is happy when the parent returns

Answer 43

secure attachment

Question 44

hese toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present, and no response to her departure or return. When these toddlers are picked up in the last episode of the Strange Situation, they may immediately seek to get down.

Answer 44

insecure avoidant

Question 45

Toddlers who are less likely than others to explore the toys when the mother is present, and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns, they show ambivalence, running to greet the mother in seeming relief but then pushing her away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.

Answer 45

insecure resistant

Question 46

Toddlers in this category show extremely unusual behaviour in response to the Strange Situation. They may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns, they may seem fearful. Some freeze their movements suddenly in odd postures. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome, and also by those who have suffered severe abuse or neglect.

Answer 46

disorganised disoriented

Question 47

Research has shown that .

a. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviours during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviours require more advanced cognitive development

b. it is rare to have a television in a young child’s room

c. the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available

d. screen media can have a positive effect

Answer 47

d

Question 48

ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ________ and _________ the mother was

Answer 48

• sensitive
• responsive

Question 49

• the ‘________’ is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory and claims that the theory overstates the mothers influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment

Answer 49

child effect

Question 50

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by .

a. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

b. increased activity in the amygdala

c. the formation of the cerebral cortex

d. the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe

Answer 50

a

Question 51

Which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood?

a. The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone.

b. Children sleep consistently through the night.

c. increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy.

d. Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.

Answer 51

d

Question 52

Last week, your neighbours told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past 2 months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night’s sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?

a. He has been drinking too much before bedtime.

b. His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and soothe himself.

c. His molars are coming in and he is teething.

d. He is going through a growth spurt.

Answer 52

c

Question 53

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to .

a. hold a cup and scribble with crayons

b. use a fork and knife with coordination

c. walk up and down stairs without holding on to anything

d. brush his teeth

Answer 53

a

Question 54

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some Western countries?

Number of children in the family

Location of the toilet within the house

Education level of the parents

Marital status of the primary caregiver

Answer 54

Education level of the parents

Question 55

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?

Breastfeeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures.

The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with biting behaviours.

Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do.

The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour.

Answer 55

The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour.

Question 56

Shareef’s parents bought him a high chair. While sitting in the chair, he intentionally tipped his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the _______ stage.

4: coordination of secondary schemes

3: secondary circular reactions

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

1: simple reflexes

Answer 56

3: secondary circular reactions

Question 57

ighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring apot on the stove. The next day he picked up his toy bowl and spoon and began ‘stirring’ an imaginary substance. This is an example of .

deferred imitation

sorting objects into categories

tertiary circular reactions

the A-not-B error

Answer 57

deferred imitation

Question 58

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they .

show the ability to categorise

have attained object permanence

are in the stage of tertiary circular reactions

understand scaffolding

Answer 58

have attained object permanence

Question 59

According to Vygotsky, is required for cognitive development.

formal education

a strong caregiver–child attachment

social interaction

a good genetic background

Answer 59

social interaction

Question 60

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is .

within the zone of proximal development

concrete in nature

a good fit with their learning style

developed by an educational specialist

Answer 60

within the zone of proximal development

Question 61

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?

Bathing him

Feeding him

Teaching him to read

Playing with him

Answer 61

Playing with him

Question 62

During toddlerhood, .

those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play

friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages

there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present

children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play

Answer 62

friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages

Question 63

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that ____________.

toddlers tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling

in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings

toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence

Answer 63

toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

Question 64

Marcel was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behaviour would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom?

A preoccupation with talking to adults

A preoccupation with repetitive movements

A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests him

A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation

Answer 64

A preoccupation with repetitive movements

Question 65

Lucienne accidentally kicked a mobile hanging over her crib. Delighted at the effect, she repeated the behaviour intentionally, over and over, each time squealing with laughter. According to Piaget, Lucienne is at the _______ stage.

4: coordination of secondary schemes

3: secondary circular reactions

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

1: simple reflexes

Answer 65

3: secondary circular reactions

Question 66

infants in this substage learn to repeat bodily movements that occurred initially by chance. For example, infants often discover how tasty their hands and fingers can be in this substage. While moving their hands around randomly one ends up in their mouth and they begin sucking on it. Finding this sensation pleasurable, they repeat the movement, now intentionally. According to Piaget, this is the _______ stage.

4: coordination of secondary schemes

3: secondary circular reactions

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

1: simple reflexes

Answer 66

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

Question 67

Laurent was able to move an object (Piaget’s hand) out of the way in order to reach another object (a matchbox), thus coordinating three schemes: moving something aside, reaching and grasping. According to Piaget, Laurent is at the _______ stage.

4: coordination of secondary schemes

3: secondary circular reactions

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

1: simple reflexes

Answer 67

4: coordination of secondary schemes

Question 68

______ is the capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other people and objects , while ________ is ability to recognise one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

A) self-reflection; self-recognition

B) self-concept; self-recognition

C) self-recognition; self-reflection

D) self-concept; self-reflection

Answer 68

A) self-reflection; self-recognition