Early Childhood Flashcards
- identify physical changes in early childhood - describe three views of cognitive changes that occur in early childhood - summarise how language develops in early childhood - evaluate different approaches to early childhood education - discuss emotional and personality development in early childhood - explain how families can influence young children's development - describe the roles of peers, play and television in children's development.
from age 3 to 5, height and weight are usually measured in __________
percentiles
the ______ lobe grown faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during childhood
frontal
the preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ______-
2 and 7
In Piagetian terms, which of the following best describes a child who is centred?
a) they lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another persons perspective
b) they often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
c) they often focus on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects
d) they have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group
c) they often focus on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects
Growth in the ________ lobes underlies the advances in emotional regulation, foresight and planned behaviour that take place during the preschool years
frontal
During early childhood, the number of neurons continues the ________ that began in toddlerhood via synaptic pruning.
- decline
The increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to an increase in ________ connections between neurons and to myelination
dendritic
In the corpus callosum, the band of neural fibres connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, myelination _______ during early childhood, although it continues at a slower pace through adolescence
peaks
In the reticular formation, a part of the brain involved in attention, myelination is ________ by age 5, which helps explain the increase in attention span that takes place in the course of early childhood.
completed
myelination in the hippocampus is ________ by age 5.
completed
The hippocampus is involved in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory, so the completion of myelination by age 5 may explain why __________ memory (memory for personal events and experiences) is limited prior to this age
autobiographical
The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile ________
amnesia
One theory about infantile amnesia proposes that autobiographical memory before age 2 is limited because the awareness of _______ becomes stable at about 2 years of age and serves as a new organiser around which events can be encoded, stored and retrieved in memory as personal; that is, as having happened ‘to me’
self
Another perspective about infantile amnesia proposes that the encoding of memories is promoted by ____________ development because it allows us to tell ourselves a narrative of events and experiences; consequently, most autobiographical memory is encoded only after language development accelerates at age 2
language
what is the most common nutrient deficiency in developed countries in early childhood?
- protein
- calcium
- folate
- B12
calcium
what are the two most common types of nutrient deficiencies in developing countries?
- protein and iron
- protein and calcium
- protein and folate
- protein and B12
protein and iron
In developing countries, the causes of death in early childhood are usually _______ and _______, especially pneumonia, malaria and measles
illnesses and disease
During early childhood, .
the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries
girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys
physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years
most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions
most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions
Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his is more fully developed than his sister’s.
reticular formation
hippocampus
corpus callosum
cerebellum
reticular formation
Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the .
reticular formation
hippocampus
corpus callosum
Broca’s area
hippocampus
Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be .
marasmus
kwashiorkor
calcium deficiency
protein deficiency
calcium deficiency
Accidental injury among young children .
is less of a danger than disease in developing countries
happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries
is equally common among boys and girls
is extremely rare (less than 5%) because of increased awareness and better technology
is less of a danger than disease in developing countries
Once children begin drawing or writing in early childhood, they show a clear preference for using their right or left hand, but __________ appears long before early childhood
handedness
In early childhood (from age 3 to 6), .
fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood
children from high socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds
girls and boys are equally skilled at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot
gender differences in gross motor development appear
gender differences in gross motor development appear
Imagine that you have just walked into a classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see?
Most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal.
Most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper.
Most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork.
Most of the girls getting frustrated because they cannot hold a crayon or paintbrush.
Most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal.
A child who is left-handed .
likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years
is often praised for uniqueness in non-Western cultures
will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in Australia
will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (MZ) twins
will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in Australia
A preference for using one hand rather than the other (‘handedness’) can be seen as earlyas .
the prenatal period
infancy
toddlerhood
age 5
the prenatal period
Which of the following is TRUE regarding handedness?
A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.
Left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people.
Children do not show hand preference until they are learning to write.
Left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and maths ability than right-handed people.
A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.
Gender differences in gross motor development appear in early childhood, with_______ generally becoming better at skills emphasising strength or size, such as jumping and throwing a ball, and ______ becoming better at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot
- boys
- girls
in early childhood children’s fine motor developments involve a similar extension of skills that arose in toddlerhood, along with some new skills, what can children do?
a) pick up a small object using two fingers
b) draw something that is recognisable to others
c) put on and remove their shoes
d) both b and c
d) both b and c
Piaget termed the age period from 2 to 7 the preoperational stage, emphasising that children of this age were not yet able to perform ________ _________; that is, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules
mental operations
According to Piaget, children in early childhood lack the ability to understand ___________, the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.
conservation
Piaget interpreted children’s mistakes on conservation tasks as indicating two kinds of cognitive deficiencies.
The first is _______, meaning that young children’s thinking is centred, or focused, on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.
Second, young children lack ______, the ability to reverse an action mentally.
- centration
- reversibility
Another cognitive limitation of the preoperational stage, in Piaget’s view, is __________, the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.
egocentrism
One aspect of egocentrism is _______, the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.
animism
According to Piaget, when young children believe that the thunder is angry or the moon is following them, it reflects their ______ thinking
anamilistic
Preoperational children also lack the capacity for _________, according to Piaget, meaning that they have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group.
classification
Current research on cognitive development in early childhood has moved beyond Piaget’s theories. One popular area of research in recent years is _________, the ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others.
theory of mind
In Piaget’s depiction of cognitive development, the young child is like a solitary little _______, gradually mastering the concepts of conservation and classification and overcoming the errors of egocentrism and animism
scientist
In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes?
Physical stability
Reversibility
Centration
Conservation
Conservation
