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Infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

at 6 months, how does a well nourished baby look?

A

plump

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2
Q

unlike weight, growth in height in the first year is _______ and occurs in

A

uneven
spurts

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3
Q

______ tend to be shorter and lighter than ______, at birth and throughout childhood, until puberty when they briefly surpass _____ in height

A
  • girls
  • boys
  • boys
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4
Q

principle of biological development that growth tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downwards to the rest of the body

A

cephalocaudal principle

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5
Q

principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outwards

A

proximodistal principle

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6
Q

For most infants the first tooth appears between 5 and 9 months of age and causes discomfort and pain called

A

teething

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7
Q

how many brain cells/neurons are in the average infant brain?

A

100-200 billion

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8
Q

in the first 2 years of life, a process known as ________ occurs, where there is a burst in the production of dendritic connections between neurons

A

overproduction

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9
Q

what are the two way in which the brain grows in infancy?

A
  • overproduction
  • myelination
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10
Q

process in brain development in which dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster and those that are unused whither away

A

synaptic pruning

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11
Q

early in the prenatal development, what areas of the brain do neurons start to specialise?

A
  • hindbrain
  • midbrain
  • forebrain
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12
Q

The _______ and _________ mature earliest and perform the basic biological functions necessary to life.

A) forebrain
B) hindbrain
C) midbrain
D) cerebellum

A

B) hindbrain
C) midbrain

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13
Q

The __________ (part of the hindbrain) coordinates muscles and movement, and is the fastest growing part of the brain after birth, doubling its size in the infant’s first 90days

A

cerebellum

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14
Q

the term for the specialisation of the two hemispheres.

A

lateralisation

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15
Q

because the infant’s brain is not as specialised as it will be later in development, it is high in ________, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances.

A

plasticity

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16
Q

By 3–4 months old, infants sleep for longer periods, up to ___-_____ hours in a row at night, and REM sleep has declined to about 40%

A

6-7

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17
Q

Infants also need more ______ in their diets than at any later point in life to fuel the growth of their bodies and (especially) their brains.

A

fat

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18
Q

In the West, paediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the ____ to _____ month of life

A

4 - 6

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19
Q

Malnourished infants are at risk for ______, a disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients. The body stops growing, the muscles atrophy, the baby becomes increasingly lethargic and eventually death results

A

marasmus

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20
Q

balance and posture as well as whole-body movements such as crawling

A

gross motor development

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21
Q

finely tuned movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects.

A

fine motor development

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22
Q

There is more variability in the _____ of each milestone of gross motor development than in the sequence.

A

timing

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23
Q

One of the evolutionary developments that makes humans anatomically distinctive among animals is what?

A

opposable thumb

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24
Q

what are the principal milestones of fine motor development in infancy?

A
  • reaching
  • grasping
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25
Q

One important aspect of vision that develops during infancy is ________, the ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment

A

depth perception

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26
Q

The key to depth perception is _______ vision, the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image

A

binocular vision

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26
Q

The integration and coordination of sensory information is called what?

A

intermodal perception

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26
Q

when considering sensory development during infancy, what are the two important terms to understand?

A
  • depth perception
  • intermodal perception
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27
Q

one-month-old infants recognise objects they have put in their mouths but have not seen before, indicating integration of ______

A
  • touch
  • sight
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28
Q

SIDS is most common at age _____ months

A

2 -4

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29
Q

The best way to obtain good high-fat nutrition during infancy is through _______

A

breast milk

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30
Q

Achievements in gross motor development in infancy include what?

A
  • rolling over
  • crawling
  • standing
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31
Q

Cultural practices restricting or encouraging gross motor development make a slight difference in the timing of gross motor achievements, with ____ ______ in the long run

A

little difference

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32
Q

what is a common cause of infant mortality beyond the first month but within the first year is __________

A

malnutrition

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33
Q

According to Piaget, the driving force behind development from one stage to the next is ________, a biologically driven program of developmental change

A

maturation

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34
Q

Piaget proposed that the child’s construction of reality takes place through the use of _______, which are cognitive structures for processing, organising and interpreting information.

A

schemas

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35
Q

The two processes involved in the use of schemes are what?

A
  • assimilation
  • accommodation
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36
Q

_______ occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme.

A

assimilation

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37
Q

_________ entails changing the scheme to adapt to the new information

A

accommodation

38
Q

for Piaget, the first two years of life are termed what?

A

Sensorimotor stage

39
Q

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage can be divided into ____ substages

A

6

40
Q

The first _____ substages of the sensorimotor stage take place during the first year of life

A

4

41
Q

substage 1 in the Sensorimotor stage occurs between when?

A

birth and 1 month

42
Q

In this substage, cognitive activity is based mainly on the neonatal reflexes, such as sucking, rooting and grasping

A

1 - simple reflexes

42
Q

substage 2 occurs between what ages?

A

1-4 months

43
Q

substage 2 is where what occurs?

A
  • first habits and primary circular reaction
43
Q

In this substage, infants’ activities in relation to the world become based less on reflexes and more on the infants’ purposeful behaviour. Specifically, infants in this substage learn to repeat bodily movements that occurred initially by chance.

A

substage 2

44
Q

substage 3 occurs between what months?

A

4-8

45
Q

substage 3 is where what occurs?

A

secondary circular reactions

46
Q

like primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions entail the repetition of movements that originally occurred by chance. The difference is that primary circular reactions involve activity that is restricted to the infant’s _____ _____, whereas secondary circular reactions involve activity in relation to the ______ _______.

A
  • own body
  • external world
47
Q

substage 4 occurs between what months?

A

8-12

48
Q

substage 4 is where what occurs?

A
  • coordination of secondary schemas
49
Q

In this substage, for the first time the baby’s actions begin not as accidents but as intentional, goal-directed behaviour. Furthermore, rather than exercising one scheme at a time, the infant can now coordinate schemes.

A

Substage 4: Coordination of secondary schemes

50
Q

the information-processing approach views cognitive change as __________, meaning gradual and steady

A

continuous

51
Q

Rather than viewing cognitive development as discontinuous (i.e. as separated into distinct stages, the way Piaget did), the _________ approach views cognitive change as continuous, meaning gradual and steady.

A

information processing

51
Q

In infants, the study of attention has focused on _________, which is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations. For example, infants will look longer at a toy the first time it is presented than the fourth or fifth time

A

habituation

51
Q

the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus

A

dishabituation

51
Q

In the second half of the first year, infants’ patterns of attention become increasingly social. They direct their attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but also to what the people around them are attending to, engaging in

A

joint attention

51
Q

You and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. Initially, he is very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems not to be very interested in it after a few minutes. Your brother thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. You tell your brother that your cousin is actually displaying .

a. habituation

b. dishabituation

c. insensitivity to stimuli

d. the A-not-B error

A

a

52
Q

Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term schemes?

a. When new information is altered to fit existing information

b. When a person’s self-concept is changed to adapt to new information

c. Cognitive structures for processing, organising and interpreting information

d. When a mental structure is changed to adapt to new information

A

c

53
Q

Seena likes to suck on a dummy during naptime at her day care. One day, her mother forgets to pack the dummy, so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on .

a. accommodation

b. assimilation

c. object permanence

d. maturation

A

a

54
Q

roy is 12 months old and loves to eat biscuits. While sitting in the kitchen he sees a packet of biscuits. When his actions become intentional and goal directed, and he actively moves, reaches for and grasps the packet of biscuits, it is clear that he is in sensorimotor substage .

4: coordination of secondary schemes

3: secondary circular reactions

2: first habits and primary circular reactions

1: simple reflexes

A

a: 4

55
Q

Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a-boo indicates that he .

a. is assimilating rather than accommodating

b. has made the A-not-B error

c. has a limited understanding of object permanence

d. lacks intermodal perception

A

c

56
Q

Which of the following is a critique of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?

a. His tests of object permanence required motor ability.

b. It may have overestimated infants’ cognitive abilities.

c. It describes the cognitive abilities of girls more accurately than boys.

d. His theory was based mostly on children from non-Western cultures.

A

a

57
Q

Which of the following is a critique of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?

a. His tests of object permanence required motor ability.

b. It may have overestimated infants’ cognitive abilities.

c. It describes the cognitive abilities of girls more accurately than boys.

d. His theory was based mostly on children from non-Western cultures.

A

a

58
Q

Researchers have proposed that the immaturity of the at birth is why humans show infantile amnesia.

cingulate gyrus

hippocampus

frontal lobe

temporal lobe

A

hippocampus

59
Q

One reflection of the development of infants’ short-term memory is their improvement .

at the task of object permanence

in their fine motor skills

in their gross motor skills

in their language skills

A

at the task of object permanence

60
Q

The Bayley scale of infant development III can assess development from age 3 months to _______

A

3½ year

61
Q

what are the three main scales on the Bayley scale of infant development III

A
  • cognitive
  • language
  • motor
62
Q

According to the text, infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales ________.

a. are predicted to do extremely well on IQ tests

b. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention

c. are predicted to do poorly at school due to low motivation and boredom despite high IQ scores

d. score above normal on development milestones and tests of object permanence

A

b

63
Q

Your brother is concerned that your nephew will be a poor student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time. According to the text, is your brother correct?

a. No. Infants who are short-lookers tend later in life to have a higher IQ and higher educational achievement than long-lookers.

b. No. Infants who are short-lookers tend to have higher IQs in primary school, but their development scores decline later in life compared to long-lookers.

c. Yes. Infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ and lower educational achievement later in life.

d. Yes. Infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ, but they work harder than long-lookers.

A

a

64
Q

Based on the research, do media products created for infants enhance their cognitive functioning?

a. Yes. Studies show that infants who watch or listen to media products have enhanced cognitive functioning.

b. Yes, but only if used from birth.

c. No. Studies have concluded that educational media products have no effect on infants’ cognitive development.

d. yes, but the beneficial effects are only for language development.

A

c

65
Q

By about 4-6 months old, cooing develops into ______, repetitive consonant–vowel combinations such as ‘ba-ba-ba’ or ‘do-do-do-do’

A

babbling

66
Q

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant–vowel combinations, and her favourite appears to be ‘ba-ba-ba-ba’. Patrice has reached the _______ milestone in language development.

a. cooing

b. babbling

c. gurgling

d. infant-directed speech

A

b

67
Q

Babbling .

a. occurs only if the infant can hear

b. is found only in infants from Western cultures

c. is universal

d. is the stage immediately before cooing

A

c

68
Q

Babbling .

a. occurs only if the infant can hear

b. is found only in infants from Western cultures

c. is universal

d. is the stage immediately before cooing

A

c

69
Q

Use of infant-directed speech .

a. leads to slower development of language than the more sophisticated style of language typically spoken with adults

b. varies from culture to culture outside the West

c. involves speaking in a low tone that infants are better able to hear

d. has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this ‘baby talk’

A

b

70
Q

innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity and sociability

A

temperament

71
Q

Which statement is true about temperament?

a. It has only been a topic of study in the last decade; before this, psychologists thought that infants were similar in emotionality.

b. It has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods.

c. It is considered to have a biological basis.

d. It has been defined by the same dimensions
and measured the same way by various researchers.

A

c

72
Q

In Chess and Thomas’s (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?

a. Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects.

b. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of middle- and high-socioeconomic status individuals.

c. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of the 35% who were not able to be classified into one of the three groups.

d. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament.

A

a

73
Q

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess’s original study was .

a. easy

b. difficult

c. moderate

d. slow-to-warm-up

A

a

74
Q

Based on research, if Ru Fong, an infant with a difficult temperament, were to be adopted by parents that show a lot of anger and frustration, we might predict which of the following outcomes?

a. A child who is outgoing

b. A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability

c. A child who is defiant and disobedient

d. An easy-going child who is good at self-regulating

A

c

75
Q

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child?

a. A slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are patient and understanding

b. An irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant

c. A ‘difficult’ infant whose parents love their child, but respond with anger

d. A shy and often fussy child whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others

A

a

76
Q

All approaches to measuring temperament view it as the raw material of personality, which is then shaped by the environment. Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed the concept of ________, meaning that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands.

A

goodness of fit

77
Q

Thomas and Chess’ view of what babies need parents who are aware of their temperament and willing to be especially nurturing?

A
  • difficult
  • slow to warm up
78
Q

_______ emotions are the most basic emotions, the ones we share with animals, such as anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise and happiness.

A

primary

79
Q

Three primary emotions are evident in the early weeks of life: what are they?

A
  • distress
  • interest
  • pleasure
80
Q

At just a few days old, neonates who hear another neonate cry often begin crying themselves, a phenomenon called

A) intelligence

B) trust

C) emotional contagion

D) social referencing

A

emotional contagion

81
Q

infants become more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations and using that information to shape their own emotional response, this is known as what?

A

social referencing

82
Q

Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his pram. Fear is an example of a emotion.

tertiary

sociomoral

primary

secondary

A

primary

83
Q

Social smiles first appear when?.

within the first 2 weeks after birth

in the second or third month

later in the first year

after 18 months

A

n the second or third month

84
Q

Of the emotions listed below, is the emotion an infant would likely display latest in its development.

fear

shame

disgust

anger

A

shame

85
Q

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog, so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia’s reaction illustrates .

habituation

emotional contagion

social referencing

infant-directed emotion

A

social referencing

86
Q

When Lola was taken back to the nursery after her mother had fed her, she started crying when she heard several of the other neonates crying. This is an example of .

social referencing

a difficult temperament

secondary emotions

emotional contagion

A

emotional contagion

87
Q

Baby Hibiki feels safe and secure with his mother and knows that she will feed him, keep him warm and love him. Because of the solid emotional foundation he has at home, Hibiki will come to believe that he can count on others in his social world and that they too are worthy of love. Hibiki will successfully resolve what Erik Erikson called the crisis.

ego integrity versus despair

industry versus inferiority

trust versus mistrust

intimacy versus isolation

A

trust versus mistrust

88
Q

The origins of Bowlby’s theory were in ___________ theory.

information-processing

Piagetian

behaviourist

evolutionary

A

evolutionary

89
Q

Both Erikson and Bowlby viewed as crucial to future emotional and social development.

language ability

the first attachment relationship

an easy or slow-to-warm-up temperament

one’s biological make-up

A

the first attachment relationship

Developmental Psychology (30 decks)

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