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Developmental Psychology > Practice exam 5 > Flashcards

Practice exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. The information-processing theory:
    A. emphasises the influence of culture on development.
    B. emphasises that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategise
    about it.
    C. states that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing
    information.
    D. states that thinking does not constitute information processing.
A

B

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2
Q
  1. Dr McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s,
    50s and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests.
    What type of research approach is Dr McLean using?
    A. Longitudinal.
    B. Cohort.
    C. Latitudinal.
    D. Cross-sectional.
A

D

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3
Q
  1. According to life span developmentalist Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by
    evolutionary selection decrease with age. Natural selection has not weeded out many
    harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics that appear among older adults.
    Why?
    A. Degeneration is an irreversible process.
    B. Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive
    fitness.
    C. Human evolution excluded the previous generation.
    D. Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
A

B

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4
Q
  1. _____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body’s
    processes.
    A. Genes
    B. Proteins
    C. Ribosomes
    D. DNA
A

B

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5
Q
  1. A phenotype can consist of _____ as well as _____ characteristics.
    A. physical; environmental
    B. conscious; subconscious
    C. genetic; derived
    D. physical; psychological
A

D

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the differences between
    outcomes for adopted and non-adopted children?
    A. Non-adopted children are likely to experience more school-related problems than
    adopted children.
    B. Children who are adopted very early in their lives are more likely to have positive
    outcomes than children adopted later in life.
    C. Adoptees are no more likely to use mental health services than their non-adopted
    counterparts.
    D. Adopted adolescents are more likely to be withdrawn.
A

B

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7
Q
  1. In line with the concept of a collaborative gene, Gilbert Gottlieb emphasises the
    _____ view, which states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional
    interchange between heredity and the environment.
    A. epigenetic
    B. biosocial
    C. sociogenetic
    D. congenital
A

A

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8
Q
  1. The lack of _____ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube
    defects in offspring.
    A. vitamin C
    B. folic acid
    C. ferrous sulfate
    D. vitamin E
A

B

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9
Q
  1. Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their
    hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____
    pattern of growth.
    A. proximodistal
    B. proximocaudal
    C. cephalodistal
    D. cephalocaudal
A

D

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10
Q
  1. What is the foundation needed for gross motor skills to develop?
    A. A developed muscular system.
    B. Cognitive skills.
    C. Postural control.
    D. Reflexive behaviour.
A

C

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11
Q
  1. During which substage of sensorimotor development do infants begin to
    incorporate sensation and action?
    A. Internalisation of schemes.
    B. First habits and primary circular reactions.
    C. Simple reflexes.
    D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions.
A

B

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12
Q
  1. A concept is:
    A. another term for category.
    B. an idea about what a category represents.
    C. the first stage in category development.
    D. the exact opposite of a category
A

B

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13
Q

23 . _____ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and
sentences.
A. Semantics
B. Phraseology
C. Syntax
D. Phonology

A

C

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14
Q
  1. At birth, infants communicate through _____.
    A. cooing
    B. crying
    C. gestures
    D. babbling
A

B

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15
Q
  1. The fear of strangers peaks:
    A. in the first three months after birth.
    B. towards the end of the first year of life.
    C. towards the middle of the second year of life.
    D. in the first six months after birth.
A

B

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16
Q
  1. Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?
    A. Habituation.
    B. Joint attention.
    C. Core knowledge approach.
    D. The A-not-B error.
A

B

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17
Q
  1. According to Erik Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.
    A. physical comfort and sensitive care
    B. feeding and physical comfort
    C. contact comfort and feeding
    D. oral satisfaction and physical comfort
A

A

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18
Q
  1. Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding?
    A. Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with
    the parents.
    B. The caregiver and infant focus on the same object or event.
    C. Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated
    actions.
    D. The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations and reunions with
    the caregiver
A

A

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is
    TRUE?
    A. High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are
    wealthy.
    B. Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have
    few resources.
    C. Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours per week tend to experience
    depression regardless of the quality of the care.
    D. There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to
    make any correlations.
A

B

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20
Q
  1. Recent research has shown that among Australian preschool children overweight
    and obesity rates are _____, with the change being most pronounced in areas of _____
    socioeconomic status.
    A. decreasing; higher
    B. decreasing; lower
    C. increasing; higher
    D. increasing; lower
A

D. increasing; lower

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21
Q
  1. Ingrid, age six, loves to make little books by drawing pictures and putting in
    words to describe them. She has formed stable concepts and has started to reason. At
    the same time, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as ‘magical
    beliefs’. Ingrid is in Jean Piaget’s _____ stage of development.
    A. sensorimotor
    B. concrete operational
    C. formal operational
    D. preoperational
A

D

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22
Q
  1. A young child might be heard saying, ‘That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell
    down.’ The child’s belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.
    A. egocentrism
    B. conservation
    C. animism
    D. kineticism
A

C

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23
Q
  1. Rachel, age three, walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and
    says, ‘Those are a “no-no”, don’t touch.’ It would appear that Rachel is using _____ to
    self-regulate her behaviour.
    A. social speech
    B. thoughts
    C. private speech
    D. memories
A

C

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24
Q
  1. The _____ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental
    processes of others.
    A. theory of self-awareness
    B. theory of empathy
    C. theory of mind
    D. theory of consciousness
A

C

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25
Q
  1. Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:
    A. child-centred.
    B. standardised.
    C. academic-centred.
    D. achievement-oriented
A

A

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26
Q
  1. According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterises early
    childhood is:
    A. initiative versus guilt.
    B. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
    C. industry versus inferiority.
    D. trust versus mistrust.
A

A

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27
Q
  1. _____ involves the development of thoughts, feelings and behaviours regarding
    rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other
    people.
    A. Conventional development
    B. Superego development
    C. Moral development
    D. Pragmatic development
A

C

28
Q
  1. _____ involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding
    and acceptance of being male or female.
    A. Gender role
    B. Gender typing
    C. Gender identity
    D. Gender experience
A

C

29
Q
  1. A parent who spanks his/her children frequently is most likely to be a(n):
    A. authoritarian parent.
    B. authoritative parent.
    C. indulgent parent.
    D. neglectful parent
A

A

30
Q
  1. Research linking corporal punishment and child behaviour has been associated
    with all of the following EXCEPT:
    A. higher levels of immediate compliance.
    B. higher levels of externalised problems.
    C. higher levels of moral internalisation.
    D. adolescent depression.
A

C

31
Q
  1. A learning disability:
    A. is primarily the result of environmental disadvantage.
    B. is primarily the result of cultural disadvantage.
    C. is mainly due to economic disadvantage.
    D. is not primarily the result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities.
A

D

32
Q
  1. Which of the following has been found to be better at improving the behaviour of
    children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in most cases?
    A. A combination of stimulant medication and sedatives.
    B. Stimulant medication.
    C. Behaviour management.
    D. A combination of stimulant medication and behaviour management.
A

D

33
Q
  1. Jacob is in year 3 and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his
    peers during the school day. Just recently Jacob has been moved to the regular year 3
    classroom. Jacob has just experienced:
    A. transforming.
    B. transitioning.
    C. incorporation.
    D. inclusion.
A

D

34
Q
  1. Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are also capable of
    _____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.
    A. centration
    B. seriation
    C. reversibility
    D. classification
A

B

35
Q
  1. The _____ approach to reading instruction emphasises the teaching of basic rules
    for translating written symbols into sounds.
    A. whole-language
    B. phonics
    C. balanced-instruction
    D. morphological
A

B

36
Q
  1. Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by:
    A. identifying the personality type related to children with high and low self-esteem.
    B. classifying children’s solutions to difficult moral problems.
    C. observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict.
    D. interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their
    children.
A

B

37
Q
  1. Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and
    females are known as:
    A. gender identities.
    B. gender constancies.
    C. gender stereotypes.
    D. gender roles.
A

C

38
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child
    relationships?
    A. Primary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as
    preschoolers.
    B. During middle and late childhood, parental control changes to coregulation along
    with the child.
    C. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.
    D. During middle and late childhood, children are allowed to engage in moment-to-
    moment self-regulation.
A

A

39
Q
  1. _____ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by
    their peers.
    A. Controversial
    B. Rejected
    C. Neglected
    D. Average
A

C

40
Q
  1. The direct instruction approach to student learning and assessment is one of two
    approaches. The other one is called the _____ approach.
    A. behaviourist
    B. constructivist
    C. open classroom
    D. ungraded
A

B

41
Q
  1. _____ is the term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of
    puberty.
    A. Premature puberty
    B. Precipitated puberty
    C. Precocious puberty
    D. Predated puberty
A

C

42
Q
  1. According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth and final stage of cognitive
    development, the _____ stage, begins.
    A. concrete operational
    B. formal operational
    C. postoperational
    D. passive operational
A

B

43
Q
  1. Unlike children, adolescents can engage in a type of problem solving termed
    _____, which involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications, steps that
    provide ways to test the hypothesis.
    A. trial-and-error reasoning
    B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning
    C. concrete operational reasoning
    D. speculative reasoning
A

B

44
Q
  1. Who among the following will be most dissatisfied with body image as pubertal
    change proceeds?
    A. A girl in early adolescence.
    B. A girl in late adolescence.
    C. A boy in early adolescence.
    D. A boy in late adolescence.
A

B

45
Q
  1. _____, or exploration, is defined as a period of identity development during which
    the individual is exploring alternatives.
    A. Commitment
    B. Calling
    C. Conscientiousness
    D. Crisis
A

D

46
Q
  1. Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a
    commitment.
    A. diffusion
    B. foreclosure
    C. moratorium
    D. achievement
A

D

47
Q
  1. At about which stage do cliques become more heterosexual and include members
    from both sexes?
    A. In adulthood.
    B. In primary school.
    C. At university.
    D. In secondary school.
A

D

48
Q

60 .A _____ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one
status to another and mostly focuses on the transition to adult status.
A. communion
B. litmus test
C. march of time
D. rite of passage

A

D

49
Q
  1. The four problems that affect the most adolescents are drug abuse, sexual
    problems, school-related problems and _____.
    A. career-choice dilemmas
    B. juvenile delinquency
    C. peer-related problems
    D. family problems
A

B

50
Q
  1. Today it is more accepted to view sexual orientation as:
    A. an either/or proposition.
    B. heterosexual or homosexual.
    C. a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex
    relations.
    D. having different physiological responses during sexual arousal.
A

C

51
Q
  1. Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and
    proposed a new stage of cognitive development termed _____.
    A. preformal thought
    B. postformal thought
    C. postconventional thought
    D. preconventional thought
A

B

52
Q
  1. Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with:
    A. higher academic achievement in university.
    B. stronger sibling relationships in adulthood.
    C. secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.
    D. an easy temperament in adulthood.
A

C

53
Q
  1. As discussed in Chapter 12, which of the stages Erik Erikson identified is the most
    important issue to be negotiated in adolescence?
    A. Identity versus identity confusion.
    B. Industry versus inferiority.
    C. Intimacy versus isolation.
    D. Autonomy versus shame.
A

A

54
Q
  1. When all three parts of Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of love are present in a
    relationship, what type of love are people experiencing?
    A. Affectionate love.
    B. Consummate love.
    C. Fatuous love.
    D. Passionate love.
A

B

55
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a myth about parenting?
    A. A child is an extension of the parent.
    B. Having a child requires some training.
    C. Parenting is an instinctual process.
    D. The birth of a child will save a failing marriage.
A

B

56
Q
  1. The average adult in middle adulthood _____ height and _____ weight.
    A. loses; loses
    B. loses; gains
    C. gains; gains
    D. gains; loses
A

B

57
Q
  1. The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina is referred to as _____ of
    the eye.
    A. muscle integrity
    B. focal power
    C. visual acuity
    D. accommodation
A

D

58
Q
  1. Which of the following are the MOST common chronic disorders for men during
    middle age?
    A. Cancer, heart disease, stroke.
    B. Arthritis, bursitis, varicose veins.
    C. Hearing impairments, vision impairments.
    D. Sinus problems, respiratory problems.
A

A

59
Q
  1. In middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.
    A. fluid
    B. semantic
    C. crystallised
    D. multiple
A

C

60
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE of novices and experts?
    A. Novices are more creative in solving problems in their domain than experts.
    B. Novices are more flexible in solving problems than experts.
    C. Novices use fewer shortcuts in solving problems than experts.
    D. Experts process information more automatically than novices.
A

D

61
Q
  1. The _____ life-events approach emphasises the manner in which life events
    influence an individual’s development and depends not only on these events but also
    on mediating factors.
    A. contemporary
    B. standard
    C. cognitive
    D. assimilative
A

A

61
Q
  1. As he looks back over his life, Chris realises that his work was not as important to
    him as he believed and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he
    could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children.
    According to Erik Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of _____.
    A. social rejection
    B. apathy
    C. generativity
    D. stagnation
A

D

62
Q
  1. The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s
    tasks, such as getting married, having children or establishing themselves in a career
    is known as the _____.
    A. interval measure
    B. life-event calendar
    C. circadian rhythm
    D. social clock
A

D

63
Q
  1. The _____ model of personality development states that, with time and age,
    people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that
    promotes increased stability in personality.
    A. conditioning
    B. cumulative personality
    C. reciprocity
    D. social learning
A

B

63
Q
  1. In the event of adjusting to a child’s absence, parents who live vicariously through
    their children might experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction
    after children leave the home.
    A. a meaning-of-life dilemma
    B. chronic discontent
    C. the empty nest syndrome
    D. alienation
A

C

64
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE for most parents after their children have left
    home?
    A. They have less time for each other.
    B. They suffer empty nest syndrome.
    C. Marital satisfaction declines.
    D. Marital satisfaction increases.
A

D

Developmental Psychology (30 decks)

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