PRACTICE EXAM 1

Question 1

1. What is the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology?

A. Clan
B. Society
C. Culture
D. Beliefs

Answer 1

C

Question 2

2. One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

A. Freud believed that development occurred throughout the life span.
B. Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20.
C. Erikson emphasised the importance of both early and later experiences.
D. Erikson said that sexuality played a key role in the life span development of the
individual.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

3. Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological theory emphasises that:

A. development reflects the influence of multiple environmental systems
B. development reflects the influence of biological systems only
C. development does not reflect the influence of the immediate environment
D. development does not reflect the influence of cultural beliefs and values

Answer 3

A

Question 4

4. Dr McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s,
   50s and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests.
   What type of research approach is Dr McLean using?

A. Longitudinal.
B. Cohort.
C. Latitudinal.
D. Cross-sectional.

Answer 4

D

Question 5

5. Your roommate is a smoker. He really would like to quit and has been reading about Freudian
   theory. He thinks that he is fixated at the oral stage and that he should make an appointment with a
   clinician who specialises in psychosexual therapy. What would you tell him?

A. Few professionals adhere to Freud’s theory, even psychoanalysts, so he should try
something else.
B. He should probably try it. Freud would say that he was orally fixated.
C. It sounds to you like he is actually anally fixated.
D. It will take time, but psychoanalysis should probably work for him.

Answer 5

A

Question 6

6. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory comprises ______ stages.
   A. four cognitive
   B. five psychosexual
   C. eight psychosocial
   D. three moral

Answer 6

C

Question 7

7. The ___________ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional
   interchange between heredity and the environment.

A. epigenetic
B. biopsychosocial
C. sociogenetic
D. biosocial

Answer 7

A

Question 8

8. ____ is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population.

A. Heritability
B. Reaction range
C. Genetic ratio
D. Environmental coefficient

Answer 8

A

Question 9

9. Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with
   regard to the nurture/nature question?

A. How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory
processes?
B. Which human behaviours are determined genetically, and which are determined by
environmental factors?
C. At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in
human development?
D. Which genes are responsible for childhood behaviour, and which genes are responsible
for adult behaviour?

Answer 9

A

Question 10

10. The lack of _______ in maternal nutrition has been associated with anencephaly and spina bifida
    in offspring.

A. vitamin C
B. folic acid
C. ferrous sulfate
D. vitamin E

Answer 10

B

Question 11

11. Compared to adults, neonates spend an especially high proportion of their sleep in ________
    sleep.

A. rapid eye movement
B. non-rapid eye movement
C. quiet
D. deep non-rapid eye movement

Answer 11

A

Question 12

12. The Apgar scale assesses colour, heart rate, breathing, muscle tone and ____.

A. weight
B. speed of responding
C. reflexes
D. strength

Answer 12

C

Question 13

13. Within a few days, neonates _____.

A. are able to crawl and have depth perception
B. recognise their mother’s smell and the sound of her voice
C. have 20/20 vision and see in colour
D. have a strong receptive language but lack expressive skills

Answer 13

B

Question 14

14. _____ means the degree to which development can be influenced by environmental
    circumstances.
    A. Elasticity
    B. Plasticity
    C. Contextuality
    D. Tenacity

Answer 14

B

Question 15

15. There are approximately _____ neurons in the average infant brain.

A. 10 to 20 million
B. 1 billion
C. 100 to 200 billion
D. 400 to 500 million

Answer 15

C

Question 16

16. The fibre that carries signals towards the neuron’s cell body is called a(n):
    A. axon.
    B. dendrite.
    C. neurotransmitter.
    D. synapse.

Answer 16

B

Question 17

17. Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also ____.

A. well developed
B. malformed
C. relatively immature
D. nearly adult-like

Answer 17

C

Question 18

18. An important aspect of vision that develops during infancy is the ability to discern the relative
    distance of objects in the environment. This is known as:

A. binocular vision
B. depth perception
C. intermodal perception
D. perceptive vision

Answer 18

B

Question 19

19. ______ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas ________ is when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.

A. Accommodation; assimilation
B. Assimilation; accommodation
C. Retrieval; encoding
D. Encoding; retrieval

Answer 19

B

Question 20

20. During which substage of sensorimotor development do we see an infant’s actions become
    intentional, goal-directed behaviour?

A. Simple reflexes
B. First habits and primary circular reactions.
C. Secondary Circular Reactions
D. Coordination of secondary schemes

Answer 20

D

Question 21

21. According to Erik Erikson, a reliable source of nourishment, warmth, love and protection is key to
    establishing _________ in infants.
    A. trust
    B. autonomy
    C. initiative
    D. industry

Answer 21

A

Question 22

22. What is the term that developmentalists use to describe the oo-ing, ah-ing and gurgling sounds
    that infants produce when they are 2 months old?
    A. Telegraphic speech
    B. Babbling
    C. Cooing
    D. Gesturing

Answer 22

C

Question 23

23. In Chess and Thomas’s (1984) longitudinal study, they classified infants into three categories,
    including:
    A. easy, difficult, warm
    B. easy, warm, slow-to-warm
    C. warm, difficult, slow-to-warm
    D. easy, difficult, slow-to-warm

Answer 23

D

Question 24

24. ______ describes the process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses
    to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional
    responses
    A. emotional contagion
    B. social referencing
    C. social understanding
    D. emotional reciprocation

Answer 24

B

Question 25

25. Two of Vygotsky’s most influential ideas are:
    A. Zone of Proximal Development & Scaffolding
    B. Zone of Proximal Development & Guided Participation
    C. Scaffolding & Guided Participation
    D. Guided Participation & Object Permanence

Answer 25

A

Question 26

26. Jack has just learnt to say the name of his fluffy family dog, Paws. Every time Jack sees a dog, he
    yells ‘Paws’. He also calls his mum’s fluffy coat ‘Paws’, and the broom ‘Paws’ because it reminded
    him of his dogs’ whiskers. When a toddler does this, it is called:
    A. overextension
    B. holophrase
    C. underextension
    D. production

Answer 26

A

Question 27

27. Rachel, age three, walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, ‘Those are a
    “no-no”, don’t touch.’ It would appear that Rachel is using _____ to self-regulate her behaviour.
    A. social speech
    B. thoughts
    C. private speech
    D. memories

Answer 27

C

Question 28

28. If someone suffered damage to their Broca’s area, what may result?

A. difficulty producing speech
B. difficult with speech comprehension
C. unable to form short-term memories
D. display a lack of emotion

Answer 28

A

Question 29

29. An infant who has an insecure-resistant attachment with their caregiver is likely to show:

A. greater distress when the caregiver leaves, and ambivalence when the caregiver returns
B. little distress when the caregiver leaves, and ambivalence when the caregiver returns
C. no response when the caregiver leaves, and smiling when the caregiver returns
D. no response to the departure or return of the caregiver

Answer 29

A

Question 30

30. For infants, stranger anxiety appears to develop at approximately ________ old, and peaks at
    approximately _______ old.

A. 3 months; 9 months
B. 6 months; 12 months
C. 12 months; 18 months
D. 6 months; 15 months

Answer 30

B