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A & P > Tissues/Histology > Flashcards

Tissues/Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A

Epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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2
Q

What is epithelial tissue used for

A

lining/covering and secretory or glandualry tissue

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3
Q

what is connective tissue used for

A

support and nutrititon for other tissue

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4
Q

what is muscular tissue used for

A

contracts to produce movement

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5
Q

what is nervous tissue used for

A

integration and control

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6
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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7
Q

what comes from the ectoderm layer of embryonic cell

A

epithelium, specifically the epidermis and nervous system

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8
Q

what comes from the mesoderm layer of the embryonic cell

A

endothelium
mesothelium
muscle
connective tissue
epithelium

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9
Q

what come from the endoderm layer of the embryonic cell

A

epithelium and mucosae

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10
Q

Why is genome like a circuit breaker box

A

genes switch on and off to differentiate cells
cancer can turn some genes back on

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11
Q

what is epithelial tissue defined by

A

cell shape
nucleus
and where nucleus is located

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12
Q

what do epithelial cells look like

A

packed tightly toghether
apical and basal surfaces/layers
regenerate rapidly at basal layer

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13
Q

does epithelial tissue have blood vessels

A

no it is not vascularized

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14
Q

what three junctions does ET have

A

tight
gap
desmosomes

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15
Q

where does ET get nutrients

A

CT

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16
Q

what are the cell shapes in ET

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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17
Q

what is simple ET

A

one layer of cells

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18
Q

what is stratified ET

A

2 or more layers of cells

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19
Q

what do the cells look like in simple squamous (top view)

A

flat cells with centrallly located nucleus

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20
Q

functions of simple squamous ET

A

diffusion of gasses in lung alveoli
secretion of serous fluid/covers organs
filtration in the kidneys
smooth inner blood vessel wall
(Lining, gas diffusion, filtration)

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21
Q

functions of simple cuboidal

A

secretion of hormones
reabsorption in tubules in the kidneys

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22
Q

description of simple cuboidal ET

A

single layer of cube like cells
big round, central nuclei
may have microvilli

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23
Q

where is simple cuboidal ET found

A

wall of small glandular ducts
wall of kidney tubules
surface of the ovaries

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24
Q

functions of simple ciliated columnar

A

movement of particles

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25
Q

description of simple columnar ET

A

column shaped cells in single layer
nuclei elliptical or round located in the bottom 3rd of the cell
goblet cells common
may have cilia or microvilli

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26
Q

functions of simple non-ciliated columnar

A

GI tract for absorption and secretion

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27
Q

Where are goblet cells found

A

in simple columnar or psuedostratified columnar ET

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28
Q

why dont goblet cells stain

A

they have a high water and lipid content

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29
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucus

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30
Q

where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar found

A

lining of upper respiratory tract
lining of trachea

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31
Q

description of pseudostratified columnar ET

A

mostly columnar cells at different heights
nuceli sit at bottom levels
goblet cells common

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32
Q

where is pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar found

A

large glands and parts of the male urethra

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33
Q

functions of psuedostratified columnar ET

A

secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus if ciliated

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34
Q

where is non keratinized stratified squamous ET found

A

esophagus
mouth
vagina

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35
Q

description of stratified squamous ET

A

many layers of cells
cells near basement mebrane are cuboidal to columnar in shape
cells flatter going towards the apical surface

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36
Q

where is keratinized stratified squamous ET found

A

skin epidermis
never inside of body

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37
Q

What do transitional ET cells look like

A

surface cells look domed or squamous when stretched
basal cells look cuboidal or columnar

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38
Q

where is transitional ET found

A

lined bladder for stretchability

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39
Q

what is really the only function of transitional ET

A

allows for distension of organ as urine collects

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40
Q

where is stratified cuboidal found

A

ovarian follicles
pancreas
salivary glands
sweat glands
generally anywhere that does a lot of secretion

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41
Q

where is stratified columnar found

A

parotid gland duct (big salivary gland)
part of male urethra

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42
Q

what do cells look like in stratified columnar

A

basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
surface cells are columnar

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43
Q

what are the two types of glandular epithelia

A

exocrine and endocrine

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44
Q

Where is exocrine glandular epithelia found in

A

ducts and glands

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45
Q

what are the components that make up an exocrine gland (though not limited to)

A

single cell, simple duct, goblet cells

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46
Q

what is endocrine glandular epithelia for? What makes it different from exocrine?

A

not ducts, only for hormone secretion

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47
Q

what are the 3 modes of secretion

A

merocrine
holocrine
apocrine

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48
Q

what is merocrine mode of secretion

A

secrete by exocytosis as it’s produced
most glands are this

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49
Q

what are some glands that use merocrine mode of secretion

A

pancreas
sweat glands
salivary glands

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50
Q

what is holocrine mode of secretion

A

releases when secretory cell ruptures

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51
Q

what mode of secretion do sebaceous glands use

A

holocrine

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52
Q

what is apocrine mode of secretion

A

accumulates product at one edge until it pinches off along with a bit of cytoplasm

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53
Q

do human apocrine glands use apocrine mode of secretion

A

no

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54
Q

what are the three components of CT

A

specialized cells
protein fibers
ground substance

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55
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made of in CT

A

ground substance and fibers

56
Q

what is ground substance in CT

A

semiliquid
fills in space between cells and fibers
acts like a seive

57
Q

what are the 3 types of fibers in CT

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

58
Q

what characterizes collagen fibers

A

inelastic
can still bend
no recoil
super strong

59
Q

what characterizes elastic fibers

A

elastic
has recoil

60
Q

what characterizes reticular fibers

A

same stuff in collagen but way thinner
branched

61
Q

what are the classes of CT

A

CT proper
cartilage
bone
blood/lymph

62
Q

what type of cell builds and is not a fully mature cell

A

blast

63
Q

what type of cell is mature

A

cyte

64
Q

what type of cell destroys

A

clast

65
Q

what type of cell builds fibers and exists anywhere fiber does

A

fibroblasts

66
Q

what cell makes cartilage

A

chondroblast

67
Q

what cell makes bone tissue

A

osteoblast

68
Q

what are hemopoietic cells

A

stem cells

69
Q

what is a fibroblast mature

A

fibrocyte

70
Q

what are fat cells

A

adipocytes

71
Q

What are 4 types of WBCs

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
lymphyocytes
macrophages

72
Q

what do mast cells secrete

A

histamine (vasodilator) and heparin

73
Q

what do plasma cells secrete

A

antibodies

74
Q

what is mesenchyme

A

embryonic cells

75
Q

what two categories is CT proper split between

A

loose and dense

76
Q

what are the loose connective tissues

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

77
Q

what are the dense connective tissues

A

regular
irreglar elastic

78
Q

where is areolar tissue found

A

where edema is found; serous membranes, around interstitial tissues, blood vessels

79
Q

What are the characteristics of areolar CT

A

very visible fibers, lots of matrix, fibers loosely oriented

80
Q

what are the main fibers and cells in areolar CT

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
mast cells
fibroblasts

81
Q

what is areolar tissue used for

A

universal packing tissue
stores fluids/nutrients
can fight low grade infection

82
Q

characteristics of adipose tissue

A

never blood vessels on slides, but is still very vascularized
no nucleus on slides
nuclei pushed to margin of cell
huge cells

83
Q

main fibers and cells in adipose tissue CT

A

adipocytes and some reticular fibers

84
Q

where is reticular CT located

A

anywhere there is lymphocytes

85
Q

What is the function or purpose of adipose tissue

A

energy storage
protection
insulation

86
Q

describe reticular CT

A

loose CT
like areolar but only has reticular fibers (still made of collagen)
very branched

87
Q

what is reticular CT function

A

gives 3D shape to lymphatic tissue

88
Q

characteristics of dense regular CT

A

collagen runs in one direction
resists pull in one direction
tightly packed fibers

89
Q

Where is dense regular CT found

A

tendons and ligaments

90
Q

characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibers not all running in one direction
resists pull in many directions
collagen fibers

91
Q

Where is dense irregular tissue found

A

dermis of skin and submucosa of hollow organs

92
Q

characteristics of dense elastic CT

A

not super dense or loose
fibers in 1 direction but slightly curled or wavy
has recoil

93
Q

What is elastic CT function (dense Ct proper)

A

allows for recoil

94
Q

where is elastic CT found (dense Ct proper)

A

in aorta and stroma of lungs

95
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

avascular and no nerves
resists tension and compression
chondrocytes in lacunae
80% H2O

96
Q

why is transport slow in cartilage

A

ground substance is like jello
GAGs (glucose aminoglycans) chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

97
Q

name the types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

98
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

cant see fibers
chondrocytes in lacunae
ground substance looky milky

99
Q

where is hyaline cartilage

A

fetal skeleton
growth plates
tip of nose
trachea

100
Q

what function does hyaline cartilage have

A

absorbs compression and shock

101
Q

characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

almost identical to hyaline, but a lot more elastic fibers
fibers stain blackish

102
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

support
flexible
absorbs shock
lots of recoil

103
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

pinna of ear and epiglottis

104
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

wispy fibers
fibers run in one direction similar to dense regular CT
chondrocytes in lacunae

105
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral discs
meniscus of knee

106
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

restists extreme tension and heavy compression

107
Q

What are the three types of lining membranes

A

cutaneous
mucous
serous

108
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane

A

dry membrane like the skin/epidermis

109
Q

what is a mucous membrane

A

moist, secretions in some mucosa

110
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

a thin double layer

111
Q

an organ is comprised of

A

at least 2 tissue types
epithelium bound to CT=simple organ

112
Q

what are the two types of tissue repair

A

regeneration
fibrosis

113
Q

what is regeneration tissue repair

A

functional or parenchymal repair in which the function of the replaced cells continues

114
Q

what is fibrosis tissue repair

A

stomal repair or scar tissue in which fibrous tissue knits the damaged parts together but doesnt perform the tissues original function

115
Q

What tissues regenerate well

A

epithelial tissue
fat
bone

116
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

CT proper
loose
areolar

117
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

dense irregular
CT proper

118
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

Dense regular
CT proper

119
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

elastic CT
CT proper
dense

120
Q

name the type of connective issue

A

elastic cartilage

121
Q

name the type of connective tissue (looks like dense regular but…)

A

fibrocartilage

122
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

hyaline

123
Q

name the type of connective tissue

A

CT proper
loose
reticular CT

124
Q

name the type of ET

A

pseudostratified columnar

125
Q

name the type of ET

A

simple columnar

126
Q

name the type of ET

A

simple cuboidal

127
Q

name the type of ET

A

simple squamous

128
Q

name the type of ET

A

stratified columnar

129
Q

name the type of ET

A

stratified cuboidal

130
Q

name the type of ET

A

stratified squamous

131
Q

name the type of ET

A

transitional

132
Q

Where is simple ciliated columnar found

A

Respiratory tract
Genitourinary tract

133
Q

Where is simple cuboidal found

A

Ducts and tubes
Kidney tubules

134
Q

What do reticular fibers do

A

Give 3D shape to small tissues

135
Q

What are examples of serosa membranes?

A

Mesentaries and serosae

A & P (23 decks)

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