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A & P > Biology Review > Flashcards

Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

A

A

nucleolus

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2
Q

B

A

nucleus

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3
Q

C

A

centriole

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4
Q

D

A

vacuole

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5
Q

E

A

microtubules

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6
Q

F

A

lysosome

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7
Q

G

A

golgi apparatus

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8
Q

H

A

cytosol/cytoplasm

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9
Q

I

A

peroxisome

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10
Q

J

A

microfillament

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11
Q

K

A

mitochondrian

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12
Q

L

A

microvilli

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13
Q

M

A

ribosomes

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14
Q

N

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

O

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

P

A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

Q

A

flagellum

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18
Q

A

A

Lipid bilayer

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19
Q

B

A

polar heads

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20
Q

C

A

non-polar heads

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21
Q

D

A

peripheral proteins
filaments that support membrane, some are enzymes, some have mechanical funtions

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22
Q

E

A

integral proteins
transport, carriers, receptors

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23
Q

F

A

cytoskeleton filaments

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24
Q

G

A

Cholesterol
20% of mebrane lipids
stabilizes lipid membrane

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25
Q

J

A

glycocalyx
biological marker

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26
Q

What junction fuses adjacent plasma mebranes together?

A

tight junction

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27
Q

what junction holds cells together so urine doesnt leak out of bladder

A

tight

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28
Q

what junction prevents molecue movement in extracellular space

A

tight

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29
Q

which junction is sometimes leaky, allowing for some ions to pass through

A

tight

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30
Q

what junction snaps together like velcro

A

tight

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31
Q

what junction anchors junctions with keratin filaments runnign between adjacent cells

A

desmosome

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32
Q

what junctionis commonly found in high stress areas like the skin, heart, and uterine neck

A

desmosome

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33
Q

what junction has “guy wires”

A

desmosome

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34
Q

what junction allow chemicals to pass from one cell to the next via connexons (hollow cilinders)

A

gap junction

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35
Q

What do gap junction connexons allow to pass

A

electrolytes

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36
Q

What are the two types of membrane transport?

A

passive and active

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37
Q

What are the passive membrane transport mechanisms?

A

Simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration

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38
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

lipid soluble substances difuse along concentration gradient

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39
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water molecules down concentration gradient

40
Q

What is facillitated diffusion

A

pulled through by protein carrier molecule

41
Q

what is filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes water solutes through membrane

42
Q

What is the difference between active and passive membrane transport?

A

Active uses ATP to move solutes against concentration gradient

43
Q

What membrane transport are active

A

primary active transport
secondary active transport
vesicular transport

44
Q

what is primary active transport

A

powered by hydrolysis of ATP; solute pump

45
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

powered indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients made by primary active transport

46
Q

what is vesicular transport

A

movement of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membrane by exocytosis or endocytosis

47
Q

what is exocytosis

A

inside to out

48
Q

what is endocytosis

A

outside in

49
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

enclose foreign objects or debris

50
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the bulk phase of endocytosis
in-fold surrounds ETC fluid

51
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

main way to pull in macromolecules
plasma membrane receptors bind to specific substances

52
Q

What is the cell cytoskeleton made of?

A

network of rods running through cytosol
microvilli
kinetosomes

53
Q

What are the network of rods in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

54
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

actin subunits

55
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of

A

keratin

56
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

coil of globular tubulin proteins

57
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli

A

absorption because they are extensions of membrane, increasing surface area

58
Q

What are kinetosomes

A

structures associated with movement. All are composed of microtubules and anchored around the centrosome

59
Q

What are 3 kinetesome structures

A

centrioles
basal bodies
flagella

60
Q

what are centrioles

A

attach and move spindle fibers

61
Q

what are basal bodies

A

centrioles that form base of cilia, anchor and control cilia

62
Q

what are flagella

A

propel sperm
like really long cilia but propels itself

63
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm

A

cytosol
inclusions
organelles (membranous and non-membranous)

64
Q

what is cytosol

A

viscous fluid stuff floats in

65
Q

what is cytoplasmic organelles

A

metabolic machinery of cell

66
Q

what are inclusions of cytoplasm

A

non-functional chemical substances sometimes present

67
Q

What are the membranous organelles

A

mitochondria
nucleus
ER
peroxisomes
lysosomes
golgi apparatus

68
Q

what are the non-membranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton
microfilaments
microtubules
ribosomes
microvilli

69
Q

what are ribosomes

A

make proteins using info from RNA

70
Q

what are attached ribosomes

A

ribosomes that were unattached that made protein, brought that protein to the ER for further packaging

71
Q

what are unatached ribosomes

A

floating in cytosol, make proteins

72
Q

what is the ER for

A

synthesis
storage
transport

73
Q

what is the Rough ER for

A

has attached ribosomes, packages proteins

74
Q

what is smooth ER for

A

synthesis of lipids and carbs

75
Q

What lipids and carbs does the smooth ER make

A

Phospholipids
cholesterol
steroids
glycogen

76
Q

how are peroxisomes made

A

by division of other peroxisomes

77
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

have peroxidase enzymes used in detoxification
breaks down fatty acids, alcohol, formedehyde and other organic compounds

78
Q

What does a peroxisome do to free radicals

A

converts free radicals to hydrogen peroxide, then converts hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2

79
Q

what are free radicals

A

chemicals with unpaired electrons that screw up the structure of protein and nucleic acids, they are normal byproduct of metabolism

80
Q

what cells are multinucleated

A

skeletal muscle
osteoclasts
some liver cells

81
Q

what cells are anucleated

A

RBCs

82
Q

What is chromatin

A

uncoiled, structure in the nucleus that contains DNA

83
Q

What is active extended chromatin doing

A

direct protein synthesis

84
Q

what is inactive chromatin doing

A

condensed

85
Q

What is a chromatid

A

half of a chromosome pair

86
Q

what type of junction is this

A

desmosome

87
Q

what does this depict

A

endocytosis/phagocytosis

88
Q

what does this depict

A

excocytosis

89
Q

what type of juntion

A

gap

90
Q

what does this depict

A

pinocytosis

91
Q

what does this depict

A

primary active transport

92
Q

what does this depict

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

93
Q

what does this depict

A

secondary active transport

94
Q

what type of junction

A

tight

95
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport uses energy to directly move a substance against a concentration gradient whereas a secondary active transport makes use of the established electrochemical gradient by the primary active transport to move substances.

A & P (23 decks)

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