Biology Review Flashcards
A
nucleolus
B
nucleus
C
centriole
D
vacuole
E
microtubules
F
lysosome
G
golgi apparatus
H
cytosol/cytoplasm
I
peroxisome
J
microfillament
K
mitochondrian
L
microvilli
M
ribosomes
N
plasma membrane
O
Rough ER
P
Smooth ER
Q
flagellum
A
Lipid bilayer
B
polar heads
C
non-polar heads
D
peripheral proteins
filaments that support membrane, some are enzymes, some have mechanical funtions
E
integral proteins
transport, carriers, receptors
F
cytoskeleton filaments
G
Cholesterol
20% of mebrane lipids
stabilizes lipid membrane
J
glycocalyx
biological marker
What junction fuses adjacent plasma mebranes together?
tight junction
what junction holds cells together so urine doesnt leak out of bladder
tight
what junction prevents molecue movement in extracellular space
tight
which junction is sometimes leaky, allowing for some ions to pass through
tight
what junction snaps together like velcro
tight
what junction anchors junctions with keratin filaments runnign between adjacent cells
desmosome
what junctionis commonly found in high stress areas like the skin, heart, and uterine neck
desmosome
what junction has “guy wires”
desmosome
what junction allow chemicals to pass from one cell to the next via connexons (hollow cilinders)
gap junction
What do gap junction connexons allow to pass
electrolytes
What are the two types of membrane transport?
passive and active
What are the passive membrane transport mechanisms?
Simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration
What is simple diffusion?
lipid soluble substances difuse along concentration gradient
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water molecules down concentration gradient
What is facillitated diffusion
pulled through by protein carrier molecule
what is filtration
hydrostatic pressure pushes water solutes through membrane
What is the difference between active and passive membrane transport?
Active uses ATP to move solutes against concentration gradient
What membrane transport are active
primary active transport
secondary active transport
vesicular transport
what is primary active transport
powered by hydrolysis of ATP; solute pump
what is secondary active transport
powered indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients made by primary active transport
what is vesicular transport
movement of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membrane by exocytosis or endocytosis
what is exocytosis
inside to out
what is endocytosis
outside in
what is phagocytosis
enclose foreign objects or debris
what is pinocytosis
the bulk phase of endocytosis
in-fold surrounds ETC fluid
what is receptor mediated endocytosis
main way to pull in macromolecules
plasma membrane receptors bind to specific substances
What is the cell cytoskeleton made of?
network of rods running through cytosol
microvilli
kinetosomes
What are the network of rods in the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
What are microfilaments made of
actin subunits
what are intermediate filaments made of
keratin
what are microtubules made of
coil of globular tubulin proteins
What is the purpose of microvilli
absorption because they are extensions of membrane, increasing surface area
What are kinetosomes
structures associated with movement. All are composed of microtubules and anchored around the centrosome
What are 3 kinetesome structures
centrioles
basal bodies
flagella
what are centrioles
attach and move spindle fibers
what are basal bodies
centrioles that form base of cilia, anchor and control cilia
what are flagella
propel sperm
like really long cilia but propels itself
What makes up the cytoplasm
cytosol
inclusions
organelles (membranous and non-membranous)
what is cytosol
viscous fluid stuff floats in
what is cytoplasmic organelles
metabolic machinery of cell
what are inclusions of cytoplasm
non-functional chemical substances sometimes present
What are the membranous organelles
mitochondria
nucleus
ER
peroxisomes
lysosomes
golgi apparatus
what are the non-membranous organelles
cytoskeleton
microfilaments
microtubules
ribosomes
microvilli
what are ribosomes
make proteins using info from RNA
what are attached ribosomes
ribosomes that were unattached that made protein, brought that protein to the ER for further packaging
what are unatached ribosomes
floating in cytosol, make proteins
what is the ER for
synthesis
storage
transport
what is the Rough ER for
has attached ribosomes, packages proteins
what is smooth ER for
synthesis of lipids and carbs
What lipids and carbs does the smooth ER make
Phospholipids
cholesterol
steroids
glycogen
how are peroxisomes made
by division of other peroxisomes
what are peroxisomes
have peroxidase enzymes used in detoxification
breaks down fatty acids, alcohol, formedehyde and other organic compounds
What does a peroxisome do to free radicals
converts free radicals to hydrogen peroxide, then converts hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2
what are free radicals
chemicals with unpaired electrons that screw up the structure of protein and nucleic acids, they are normal byproduct of metabolism
what cells are multinucleated
skeletal muscle
osteoclasts
some liver cells
what cells are anucleated
RBCs
What is chromatin
uncoiled, structure in the nucleus that contains DNA
What is active extended chromatin doing
direct protein synthesis
what is inactive chromatin doing
condensed
What is a chromatid
half of a chromosome pair
what type of junction is this
desmosome
what does this depict
endocytosis/phagocytosis
what does this depict
excocytosis
what type of juntion
gap
what does this depict
pinocytosis
what does this depict
primary active transport
what does this depict
receptor mediated endocytosis
what does this depict
secondary active transport
what type of junction
tight
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport
Primary active transport uses energy to directly move a substance against a concentration gradient whereas a secondary active transport makes use of the established electrochemical gradient by the primary active transport to move substances.
