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A & P > chapter 15 autonomic NS > Flashcards

chapter 15 autonomic NS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two categories of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathtic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

what is the voluntary/somatic effector vs the autonomic effector

A

somatic–> skeletal muscle
autonomic–> cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands

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3
Q

how many motor neurons from the CNS to the effector in somatic motor division

A

1, lacks ventral ganglia

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4
Q

how many motor neurons between CNS and effector in the autonomic motor division

A

2 motor neurons between CNS and effector, ganglion where pre and post motor neurons connect (i.e. there is a ganglion on the anterior)

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5
Q

what is the excitatory neurotransmitter at the effector in the somatic motor division

A

ACh

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6
Q

in the parasympathetic system what is the neurotransmitter released and when

A

ACh is the only neurotransmitter involved in the parasympathetic system. It is released from the preganglionic synapse (just like in the sympathetic nervous system) and again from the postganglionic synapse

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7
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitters are released and when

A

ACh is released by the preganglionic synapse (just like parasympathetic system) and norepinephrine is released from the postganglionic synapse

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8
Q

what makes the autonomic system excitatory or inhibitory

A

it depends on the types of receptors on the effector organs

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9
Q

what does the parasympathetic system activate

A

“rest and digest”

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10
Q

what does the sympathetic system activate

A

“fight or flight”

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11
Q

where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic system

A

usually in the brainstem or sacral spinal cord (CNS)

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12
Q

where is the cell body of the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic system

A

usually in a ganglion near the target organ (PNS)

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13
Q

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system

A

usually in the spine (CNS)

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14
Q

where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system

A

in a sympathetic ganglion, located next to the spinal cord (PNS); T1-L2

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15
Q

are there dorsal root ganglion in both voluntary and autonomic NS

A

yes

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16
Q

describe the preganglionic axon in the parasympathetic NS

A

thin, lightly myelinated. super long. deads ends at the ganglion, usually inside an organ or just outside of the organ it’s innervating

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17
Q

describe the postganglionic axon in the parasympathetic NS

A

very thin, unmyelinated. short

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18
Q

describe the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS

A

lightly myelinated, thin, very short

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19
Q

describe the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS

A

very long, from the sympathetic ganglion chain to the organ it innervates. Slow transmission so we can effectively inhibit fight or flight response if not needed

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20
Q

which NS has a special group of neurons that emerge from the rami comunicante, do not synapse in the ganglion chain, directly attach to the adrenal medulla (only 1 neuron, no pre or post), and initiate a rapid fight or flight response

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

which autonomic division contricts pupils, focuses lens, normal secretion of lacrimal and salivary glands, reduces heart rare, secretion of bile, GI and pancreatic motility and secretions, defication and urination, vasodilation

A

parasympathetic

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22
Q

where do preganglionic axons pass through? and where do they enter?

A

through the rami communicante and enter the paravertebral ganglionic chain

23
Q

what is the paravertebral ganglionic chain?

A

location of postganglionic cell bodies

24
Q

what are the 3 ways a preganglionic axon can synapse

A

1 synapse at same level with postganglionic neuron
2 ascent/descent and then synapse with the postganglionic neuron
3 pass through without synapsing, instead form splanchnic nerve. Then synapse in prevertebral ganglia (anterior) [some may pass through prevertebral chain and go directly to adrenal medulla]

25
Q

where does the postganglionic axon synapse

A

target organ (is a long fiber)

26
Q

give some examples of “stress responses” from the sympathetic division

A

dilates pupil, shuts down gland secretions, bronchial dilation, increased heart rate and force, redices GI motility and constricts sphincters, stimulates adrenal medulla which then stimulates release of glucose into blood by liver, vasocontriction, heart and muscle vessels dilate

27
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

norepi and epinephrine

28
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do

A

“surge of adrenaline”

29
Q

what are visceral reflexes

A

equivalent to somatic reflex arcs
purpose is to recieve/responds to info about: chemical changes, strethc, and viscera irritation

30
Q

where are visceral sensory cell bodies found

A

dorsal root ganglia, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, sympathetic ganglia

31
Q

What leads to referred pain

A

visceral affarents traveling with somatic pain affarents

32
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain fro the viscera are percieved as coming from skeletal muscle

33
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

compltete 3-neuron reflex arcs in GI tract

34
Q

where is ACh found

A

cholinergic fibers
somatic motor neurons
all autonomic preganglionic axons
parasympathetic postganglionic axons

35
Q

where is norepinephrine found

A

adrenergic fibers
sympathetic postganglionic axons and adrenal gland

36
Q

what is a cholinergic receptor

A

responds to acetylcholine

37
Q

what are two types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

38
Q

what do nicotinic receptors do

A

always excitatory for acetylcholine

39
Q

what do muscarinic receptors do

A

excitatory or inhibitory to acetycholine
excitatory–>blood vessel dilation
inhibitory–> heart muscles (slows down so HR isnt out of control)

40
Q

what are adrenergic receptors

A

responds to norepinephrine, and found at most sympathetic target organs

41
Q

what are the 2 classes of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta

42
Q

what does an alpha adrenergic receptor do

A

mostly excitatory: vasocontricts blood vessels, contricts GI and sphincters, dilates eye pupils

43
Q

what do beta adrenergic receptors do

A

mostly inhibitory (except on heart where they increase heart rate and force): vasodilation in heart and lungs, bronchial dilation, inhibition of muscles in GI tract

44
Q

what type of innervation are sweat glands

A

sympathetic only

45
Q

why are blood vessels to sweat glands adrenergic

A

need vasodilation to offload heat and cause sweating

46
Q

is dual innervation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic normal/common

A

yes

47
Q

name some ways the sympathetic division aids in thermoregulation

A

blood vessel dilation, sweat glands, arrector pili muscle

48
Q

which division aids in release of renin from kidneys and what does it do

A

sympathetic division. renin promotes blood pressure increase

49
Q

what are the metabolic effects of the sympathetic division being activated

A

increased metabolic rate of cell (more ATP being used), increases blood glucose levels, recruits rats for fuel use, increases mental alertness via the reticular activation system

50
Q

give a summary statement of the effects of the parasympathetic system

A

short-lived, localized effects

51
Q

give a summary statement on the effects of the sympathetic system

A

effects are diffused across the body and organ systems, highly interactive effects

52
Q

describe hypertension

A

overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction due to chronic stress: heart works harder, increased wear and tear on blood vessels

53
Q

describe orthostatic hypotension

A

commonly seen in elders as their autonomic NS becomes less reliable: if stand too quickly they faint because vasoconstrictors couldnt rapidly counter sudden change (drop) in blood pressure

A & P (23 decks)

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