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Science for shegs > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Connective
Nervous

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2
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

The tissue that covers the surfaces of the body and hollow organs, regulates exchange between external and internal environments, and manufactures and excretes substances

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3
Q

What are the five functional types of epithelial tissue?

A 
Exchange 
Transport 
Ciliated 
Protective 
Secretory
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4
Q

Where are exchange epithelia found?

A

Lungs and lining of blood vessels

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5
Q

What are the main structural features of exchange epithelia?

A

Simple squamous - very thin

Pores between cells to permit the passage of molecules

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6
Q

Where are transport epithelia found?

A

Intestines, kidneys and some exocrine glands

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7
Q

What are the main structural features of transport epithelia?

A

Simple columnar/cuboidal

Tight junctions between adjacent cells to prevent ‘leakage’ - meaning that molecules (nutrients) must pass from one side of the cell, to the other

Can form structures such as villi, with individual cells having microvilli

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8
Q

Where would you find ciliated epithelia?

A

Nose
Trachea
Upper airways
Female reproductive tract

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9
Q

What are the main structural features of ciliated epithelia?

A

Simple columnar/cuboidal

Have cilia on one side of them funnily enough

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10
Q

Where would you find protective epithelia?

A

Skin and the lining of some cavities such as the mouth

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11
Q

What are the main structural features of protective epithelia?

A

Stratified squamous

Cells become more flat at the top and are rounder at the bottom

Adjacent cells connected tightly by a many desmosomes

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12
Q

Where would you find secretory epithelia?

A

Glands

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13
Q

What are the main structural features of secretory epithelia?

A

Can be single or multicellular

Columnar or polygonal in shape

Structural features depend on type of gland

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14
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

A

Simple - single layer of cells

Stratified - multicellular layer

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15
Q

What are the types of simple epithelia?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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16
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelia?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

(+ pseudostratified but its kinda half way between simple and stratified)

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17
Q

Where would you find stratified transitional epithelia?

A

Urinary bladder

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18
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Adhering junctions that hold epithelial cells together

Attached to the cell cytoskeleton

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19
Q

What membrane protein is used to make up desmosomes?

A

Cadherin

20
Q

What functional type of epithelial tissue has the most desmosomes?

A

Protective

21
Q

What are hemi-desmosomes?

A

Adhering junctions that attach epithelial cells to the basal lamina of the basement membrane

Cell-ECM

22
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Cell-Cell junction that prevents leakage of molecules between joined cells

23
Q

What functional type of epithelial tissue uses a large amount of tight junctions?

A

Transport epithelia

24
Q

What membrane proteins are used to make tight junctions?

A

Claudin

Occludin

25
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions

Cell-Cell

26
Q

What membrane protein is used to make up gap junctions?

A

Connexin

27
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Layer of extracellular matrix

Made from collagen and laminin filament embedded in proteoglycans

28
Q

What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina & reticular lamina

29
Q

What are the 2 types of glands, and their basic difference?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

Exocrine - into tubes to the extracellular environment
Endocrine - into the blood

30
Q

What do exocrine glands excrete?

A

Mucous or serous secretions

31
Q

What are mucous secretions?

A

Mucous is a thick liquid, rich is proteoglycans and glycoproteins

32
Q

What are serous secretions?

A

Watery secretions, such as sweat, tears and digestive enzymes

33
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

A 
Sweat glands
Salivary glands 
Mammary glands 
Liver
Pancreas
Mucous glands in the trachea etc
34
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single celled mucous producing exocrine glands

35
Q

What do endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones or proteinaceous secretions

36
Q

What are examples of endocrine glands?

A

Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Pancreas (it is both exocrine and endocrine)
Gonads

37
Q

What are the potential effects of a disfunctional pituitary gland?

A

Over production or under production of growth hormone

Over production - pituitary gigantism
Under production - pituitary dwarfism

38
Q

What are the potential effects of a Chlamydia trachomatus infection?

A

Damage to exocrine gland in uterine tube

Mucous becomes overly thick

Ovum and sperm can’t move so the sufferer is infertile

39
Q

What two types of epithelial cells are found in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes and support epithelial cells

Hepatocytes have multiple functions but act as secretory cells

Support cells line the blood vessels and the bile duct, to protect the liver from the bile

(Theres also stuff on the kidney we need to know but i cant be fucked typing it)

40
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Cells associated with salivary glands that contain contractile proteins

These contract and force out the secretion, which is useful when it is thick and sticky

41
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue
For each type, state where you’d find it
(unless it’s really obvious)

theres 7

A

Loose - skin, around blood vessels, under epithelia
Dense irregular - Muscles & nerve sheaths
Dense regular - Tendons & ligaments
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

42
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue

43
Q

How does the ground substance vary between different types of connective tissue

A

Can be liquid: in blood etc

Can be gel-like: in loose connective tissue

Can be solid, hard: in bone, for example

44
Q

What cell type is most abundant in both Loose, dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts - collagen producing cells

45
Q

Describe the basic structure of loose connective tissue

A

Collagen and elastin fibres in irregular arrangement

Fibroblasts producing the collagen fibres

Macrophages and other WBC’s

Blood vessels

Adipocytes

46
Q

How are collagen fibres arranged in Dense regular connective tissue?

A

Bundles in parallel to each other

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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