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Science for shegs > Foundations of immunology > Flashcards

Foundations of immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two sections of the immune system?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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2
Q

How does self-tolerance work?

A

Cells/tissues have a molecule(s) attached that identify them as ‘self’

So immune system does not attack

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3
Q

What are the 2 physical barriers to infection?

A

Skin

Mucosal barrier

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4
Q

If a pathogen penetrates the body, what section of the immune system is it first to encounter?

A

Innate

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5
Q

What are the different types of phagocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Monocytes (differentiate into macrophages)
Mast cells 
Dendritic cells
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6
Q

The innate immune system causes the area around a cut to swell.

How?

A

Influx of macrophages

Release chemicals to restrict blood-flow away from area

Attack pathogens at site of penetration

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7
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis (with a macrophage).

A

Microbe ingested by phagocyte

Phagosome formed

Lysosome fuses with phagosome

Enzymes in lysosome digest pathogen

Antigen from pathogen attached to MHC2 and presented on membrane

Residual waste discharged from phagocyte via exocytosis

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8
Q

Where are all cells involved with the immune system made?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the fancy name for making these new cells?

A

Hematopoiesis

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10
Q

The stem cell used to manufacture all these immune badbois splits into the common myeloid progenitor, and the common lymphoid progenitor.

Which of these develops to form B cells, T cells and natural killer cells?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

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11
Q

Monocytes differentiate/divide to form what?

A

Macrophages

They do so in tissue

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12
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Tissues

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13
Q

Macrophages release cytokines when they encounter a cut/splinter/whatever. Why do they do this, and what is the process called?

A

Alert other cells to danger

Induce others to site of injury

‘Recruitment’

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14
Q

What is the most abundant type of White blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Both neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes, and will ‘eat’ pathogens when encountered.

What makes macrophages and neutrophils different?

A

Macrophages present antigens of pathogen

Neutrophils are not APCs

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16
Q

What white blood cells are involved with allergies and asthma?

A

Mast cells

Eosinophils

17
Q

Eosinophils contain granules.

What do these granules contain?

A

Enzymes

Release to destroy infections n shit

18
Q

Large scale mast cell degranulation is responsible for what medical emergency?

A

Anaphylactic shock

19
Q

Basophils are the least common type of what?

Type of WBC

A

Granulocytes

20
Q

What 2 places are natural killer cells found?

A

Blood

Spleen

21
Q

How do natural killer cells kill pathogens?

A

Secrete perforin ∴ bore hole in pathogen

Release granzymes that enters pathogen and induces apoptosis

22
Q

True or false

Natural killer cells are a type of granulocyte.

A

False

Although they contain granules, they are not

They are a type of lymphocyte

23
Q

Compliment proteins have 3 pathways of activation. What are they?

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

24
Q

Where are the compliment proteins mainly synthesised?

A

Liver

25
Q

In the classical activation pathway for compliment, what causes C1 to become activated?

A

Antigen-antibody complex formation

C1 binds to Fc region on antibody

26
Q

The end product of the classical pathway is when C5b interacts with C6, C7, C8 and C9. What is the end product of this, and what is it’s function?

A

C5b6789

Membrane attack complex

27
Q

How is the alternative and lectin activation pathway the same as the classical pathway?

A

End product is always membrane attack complex

28
Q

What are the 3 main functions that compliment carries out after activation?

A

Stimulate inflammation

Induce lysis of microbes (MAC)

Opsonization - cover the pathogen and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf

29
Q

Cytokines are chemicals used by immune cells, to communicate with each other.

There are 3 ways that cytokines work, to do with where they go and what cells they activate. Name these, and briefly describe which one is which.

A

Autocrine - binds to receptor on the same cell

Paracrine - binds to nearby cell

Endocrine - cytokines go into circulation then bind to distant cell

30
Q

Inflammatory response is categorised into 2 types. What are they?

A

Acute - initial response to harmful stimuli

Chronic - progressive sift in types of cells at site of inflammation. Simultaneous destruction and healing of tissue.

31
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

Non-specific, first immune response

32
Q

What is the difference between the classical pathway and lectin pathway?

A

The lectin pathway starts with mannose-binding lectin (MBL) or ficolin binding to certain sugars

Classical pathway starts with C1 binding to an antibody in a antibody-antigen complex

33
Q

How does the alternative compliment pathway start?

A

The pathway is triggered when the C3b protein directly binds a microbe

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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