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Science for shegs > Autonomic Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What do somatic, efferent neurones control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What is the structural difference between pre-ganglionic fibres and post-ganglionic fibres, in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Pre-ganglionic are myelinated

Post-ganglionic are unmyelinated

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3
Q

What muscle types of innervated by the ANS?

A

Smooth

Cardiac

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4
Q

What are the differences between the synapse junctions in the autonomic and somatic nervous system?

A

SNS:
Specialised NMJ
Ionotropic
Excitatory

ANS:
Can have multiple junctions (variscosities) per fibre
Metabotropic
Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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5
Q

What spinal regions does the parasympathetic nervous system link to?

A

Cranio-sacral

Cranial nerves 3, 4, 9 and 10
S2-4

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6
Q

What spinal regions does the sympathetic nervous system link to?

A

Thoraco-lumbar

T1-L2

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7
Q

Describe the differences between the sympathetic and para-s nervous systems in terms of pre vs post ganglionic fibre length.

A

P = long pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic

S = short pre-ganglionic, long post ganglionic

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8
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are most of the ganglia located?

What is the exception to this?

A

Sympathetic trunk

Celiac ganglion and mesenteric ganglia

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9
Q

What are the two autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Norarenaline (+adrenaline)

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10
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

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11
Q

Why do drugs targeting acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system not fuck up the somatic nervous system as well?

A

ACh receptors in nervous system are slightly different from the ones at the NMJ

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12
Q

Describe how a signal is sent to receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, in terms of transmitters and receptors.

A

Preganglionic fibres release ACh which binds to nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic fibres release NA which binds to either alpha or beta receptors.

Or postganglionic cells release A/NA into blood which then binds to alpha or beta

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13
Q

Some post-ganglionic fibres do not release ACh or NA/A but instead release NANC transmitters. (Non adrenergic non cholinergic)

What are these transmitters?

A

Peptides

Nitric oxide (NO)

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14
Q

Describe the mechanism for sympathetic stimulation of the eye.

A

Beta 2 receptors on ciliary muscle
Relax ∴ focuses far away

Alpha 1 receptors on radial muscle of iris
Contracts ∴ pupil larger ∴ more light

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism for parasympathetic stimulation of the eye.

A

ACh ∴ muscarinic receptors on ciliary muscle
Contracts ∴ focuses close up

Muscarinic receptors on sphincter
Contracts ∴ pupil smaller

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16
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation of the heart work?

A

Beta 1 on pacemaker cells = increased heart rate

Beta 1 on muscle cells = increased strength of contraction

17
Q

Describe the parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

A

Muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells = slows HR

Little effect on muscle cells

18
Q

In sympathetic stimulation of the lungs, beta 2 receptors are activated in the smooth muscle of the airway.

What effect does this have?

A

Relax smooth muscle ∴ dilates airway

19
Q

What happens in parasympathetic stimulation of the lungs?

A

Muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle activated

Muscle contracts ∴ airways constrict

20
Q

What does a Beta 2 agonist do?

eg salbutamol

A

Dilates airways (sympathetic)

Does not effect heart - heart has beta 1 receptors

21
Q

What does a beta 1 antagonist do?

eg atenolol

A

Decreases heart rate

Does not affect airways

22
Q

Describe how sympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels does?

A

Activates both beta 2 and alpha 1 receptors in smooth muscle, to relax/contract smooth muscle and channel blood flow to areas where it is most needed

23
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on blood vessels?

A

None

except salivary + genitalia blood vessels

24
Q

Sympathetic response causes the body to go into fight/flight mode, so gut motility decreases. What mediates this?

A

Alpha and beta receptors - smooth muscle of gut
Decrease motility

Alpha receptors in pancreas ∴ inhibit enzyme secretion

25
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the gut, is mediated through activation of muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle and the pancreas.

What effect does the stimulation have?

A

Increased motility

Increased enzyme secretion

26
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes release of energy for scrapping bears n sheggin

How does this work?

A

Alpha/beta receptors in hepatocytes in liver activated
∴ stimulates more glycogenolysis

Alpha/beta receptors in lipocytes (fat cells) activated
∴ increased lipolysis

27
Q

Which type of stimulation causes the salivary glands to produce thick enzyme rich saliva, and which causes the release of a profuse watery secretion?

A

Thick, enzyme rich = sympathetic (dry mouth)

Profuse, watery = parasympathetic

28
Q

Describe the mechanism by which sympathetic stimulation of the bladder causes you to stop needing the toilet?

A

Beta 2 - smooth muscle in bladder wall - relaxes ∴ less pressure

Alpha 1 - smooth muscle of sphincter - contracts

29
Q

Which system is responsible for causing erection, and which is responsible for causing ejaculation?

A

Erection = parasympathetic

Ejaculation = sympathetic

30
Q

Why does the reproductive system differ from other examples, with the way the para-s and sympathetic systems interact?

A

Dual innervation with complimentary effects

31
Q

Are all sympathetic nerve fibres adrenergic?

A

Nah fam

Sympathetic cholinergic fibres innervate sweat glands

32
Q

What controls activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic reflexes
- eg baroreceptors in the blood (b pressure)

Hypothalamus
- Central control centre for lots of shit

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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