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Science for shegs > Anatomy: Muscles and nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy: Muscles and nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

In basic words, describe what flexion is.

A

Bend/shorten a joint by pulling bones closer together

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2
Q

What is extension?

A

Unbend/lengthen a joint by pulling bones further apart

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3
Q

Give an example of a muscle that causes flexion when it contracts.

A

Biceps brachii

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4
Q

Give an example of a muscle that causes extension when it contracts.

A

Triceps brachii

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5
Q

In anatomical terms, describe the position of the biceps brachii.

A

Anterior

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6
Q

“All skeletal muscles cross at least ___ joint”

A

One

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7
Q

“The bulk of a skeletal muscle lies _____ to the joint crossed”

A

Proximal

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8
Q

All skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachments.

What are their names?

A

Origin and insertion

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9
Q

True or false

Most skeletal muscles pull, but a few exceptions push.

A

False

Skeletal muscles can only pull, never push

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10
Q

What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?

Based on the relative positions of the origin and insertion

A

Origin and insertion move closer to each other

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11
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Nerves containing fibres from more than one spinal nerve

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12
Q

What supplies the appendicular (limb) muscles, plexuses or segmental nerves?

A

Plexuses

EG - brachial plexus supplies the arm

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13
Q

How are nerve plexuses different from nerves that supply segmentally?

A

Plexuses - mixed fibres from different spinal nerves

Segmental - separate nerves that have not mixed with each other

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14
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerve supplying the muscles, extending across and acting at a joint, also innervates that joint and the overlying skin

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15
Q

Appendicular muscles are arranged in compartments. What are these called, and what separates compartments?

A

Fascial/muscle compartments

Separated by connective tissue septa

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle: mononucleate or multinucleate?

A

Multinucleate

17
Q

“Bundles of muscle fibres are called _____”

A

Fascicles

18
Q

What organelle is especially abundant in skeletal muscle?

A

Mitochondria

19
Q

Which muscle types have striations?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

20
Q

What are the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

A

Regions where the ends of cells are connected

21
Q

What feature do intercalated discs have, and why is it important?

A

Gap junctions

Allows the muscle cells to be electrically coupled ∴ contract in synchrony

22
Q

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

Tendon = bind muscle to bone

Ligament = bind bone to bone

23
Q

“Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal through ______ ______”

A

Intervertebral foramen

24
Q

Nerve plexuses are formed from which rami?

A

Ventral rami

25
Q

The nerves coming from one region of the spinal cord do not form plexuses. What region is this?

A

Thoracic

26
Q

In a spinal nerve, a layer of connective tissue encases individual nerves and their myelin sheath.

What is this called?

A

Endoneurium

27
Q

What is contained in a fasciculus?

A

Bundle of nerves

28
Q

What encases a fasciculus?

A

Perineurium

29
Q

A spinal nerve is made of a bundle of fasciculus. What other structure is present in nerve?

A

Blood vessels

30
Q

What is the name of the layer that encases spinal nerves?

A

Epineurium

31
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that works alongside the agonist to stabilise and assist the movement of a joint

32
Q

Fixator muscles are common around the hips and shoulder joints. What are they?

A

Stabilising muscles

These muscles and their tendons allow mobile joints to move freely without risk of dislocation

33
Q

Other than fixator muscles. what feature is found in and around joints to aid stabilisation?

A

Ligaments

34
Q

An aponeurosis is a type of tendon found in the abdominal region. Describe it’s shape.

A

Flat, thin, broad

35
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area on the skin that is supplied by nerves from a single nerve root (eg C6)

36
Q

What is the difference between cutaneous nerves, and a dermatome?

A 
CN = Nerves at the skin 
D = Area of skin supplied by single nerve type

Ie a dermatome will be supplied by many different cutaneous receptors

37
Q

What cell produces the myelin that surrounds axons?

A

Schwann cells

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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