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Science for shegs > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

4 lectures Pathway's not covered in too much detail. Better to draw them out in notes.

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1
Q

Name the 3 important hexoses.

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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2
Q

Name the 3 important Disaccharides in human biochemistry.

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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3
Q

Why is Maltose termed a reducing sugar?

A

Anomeric C-1 can be oxidised.

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4
Q

Out of Sucrose and Lactose, which is a reducing sugar and why?

A

Lactose is reducing, because it has a glucose monomer with an anomeric C whereas Sucrose does not.

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5
Q

What monosaccharides make up Lactose?

A

Galactose

Glucose

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6
Q

What are the monomer units of Sucrose?

A

Fructose

Glucose

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7
Q

Describe the difference between a Homopolysaccharide and a Heteropolysaccharide.

A

Homo = One monomeric species

Hetero = more than one “ “

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8
Q

Describe how Amylose differs in structure from Amylopectin.

A

Amylopectin is branched every 24-30 residues, amylose is straight chained

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9
Q

Yay or Nae, including starch in SFM is fucking pointless

A

Yay

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10
Q

90% of body glycogen is found in the liver, and what other part of the body?

A

Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Why is glycogen’s branched structure beneficial?

A

More exposed NR ends, so Glucose can be snipped off/added on much more quickly

Highly compact

Insoluble, so is osmotically inactive and is easy to store in the cell

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12
Q

Whats the name for a protein with a covalently attached carbohydrate?

A

Glycoprotein

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13
Q

List the ways in which Carbohydrates attached to proteins are used.

A

Increase solubility

Influence conformation/shape

Protect from degradation

Cell-cell communication

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14
Q

Describe what makes Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) effective lubricants.

A

Long unbranched polymer chains, so they slide over each other easily

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15
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are made of repeating units of an amino sugar and which acid?

A

Hexuronic Acid

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16
Q

Proteoglycans differ from glycoproteins in what way?

A

Proteoglycans - Carbohydrate&raquo_space; protein

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17
Q

Where are proteoglycans found?

A

On the surface of cells

In between cells in the ECM (connective tissue)

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18
Q

What are proteoglycans made up of?

A

Protein with long carbohydrate chains covalently bonded

At least one GAG present

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19
Q

Where are glycoproteins found?

A

On the outer Plasma membrane
+ ECM (similar to ProtGly)

Blood

Within cells in the secretory system (golgi)

Some cytoplasmic proteins are glycoproteins as well

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20
Q

What are Mucopolysaccharidoses?

A

Genetic disorders causing absence or malfunction of the enzymes that break down Glycosaminoglycans

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21
Q

What effect do Mucopolysaccharidoses have?

A

Build up of GAGs damages cellular architecture + function

Dementia, heart problems and endothelial structures

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22
Q

Hurler, Scheie, Hunter, Sanflippo syndromes are examples of what?

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

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23
Q

List the main effects/symptoms of Hurler syndrome.

A

Clouding + degradation of cornea

Arterial wall thickening

Dementia (CSF build up + enlarged Ventricular spaces)

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24
Q

Describe the structure of Oligosaccharides and how they are digested.

A

(α1 - 6) linked galactose monomers

not digested

25
Q

What 2 types of amylase are used in digestion?

A

Salivary

Pancreatic

26
Q

What is the function of Amylase?

A

Hydrolyses (α1 - 4) bonds of starch

27
Q

What comes first, Jejunum or Duodenum?

A

Duodenum

28
Q

Mucosal cell-surface enzymes are found where in the digestive tract?

A

Jejunum

29
Q

Describe the function of Isomaltase.

A

Hydrolyses (α1-6) bonds

30
Q

Which enzyme snips of glucose from the end of starch?

A

Glucoamylase

31
Q

What are the main products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

32
Q

How is glucose absorbed through ‘indirect’ ATP power?

A

ATP is used to maintain Na+ concentration gradient

33
Q

Why is Fructose absorption different from the other hexose sugars?

A

It binds to a channel protein and simply moves down a concentration gradient

34
Q

Why are cellulose and hemicellulose important?

A

Increase faecal bulk and decrease transit time

35
Q

What is transported alongside glucose into the epithelial cells in the gut?

A

Na+

36
Q

How is Glc ‘trapped’ in the liver?

A

Glucokinase phosporylates it - not recognised by transporters

37
Q

What significance does the portal blood have in Glc transport?

A

Transport to liver

38
Q

What role do hepatocytes have in Glc usage?

A

Site of phosphorylation by glucokinase in the liver

39
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Branched polysaccharide of Glc

40
Q

Describe the structure of a glycogen molecule.

A

Glycogenin protein attached to primer

Glycogen chains branch out from primer in ‘tiers’

41
Q

What enzyme is involved in extending glycogen chains?

A

Glycogen synthase

42
Q

Describe how glycogen becomes branched.

A

Glycogen-branching enzyme breaks α1-4 bonds and reattaches α1-6

43
Q

Which end is broken down during glycogen degradation?

A

Non-reducing

44
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Sequential breakdown of glucose, glycogen or other carbohydrates

To pyruvate

Not requiring oxygen

45
Q

How much ATP is gained from each Glycolysis cycle?

A

2 ATP

46
Q

Why is the Payoff phase carried out twice?

A

1 Glc produces 2 G-3-P in preparatory phase

47
Q

True/False

NADH used to convert pyruvate to lactate must be replaced using stores of NADH.

A

False

NADH is regenerated in Glycolysis so is not used up

48
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Process that converts lactate (+ other carbohydrates) to glucose

49
Q

Why is gluconeogenesis not the opposite of glycolysis?

A

GNG pathway has 4 reactions the bypass the irreversible reactions in glycolysis

50
Q

Why does the gluconeogenisis process not end with pure Glucose?

A

G-6-P is trapped in cell

Glc would escape

51
Q

Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis not reverse processes?

A

Some reactions in glycolysis pathway are irreversible

Bypass reactions take place

52
Q

Where do the bypass reactions take place in glconeogenesis?

A

Mitochondria

then Cytosol

53
Q

In gluconeogenesis, G-6-P is converted to Glc where in the cell?

A

ER

Enzyme embedded in the membrane

54
Q

How are Galactose and fructose catabolised?

A

They do not have their own pathway

They feed into the glycolysis pathway at different points

55
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway do?

A

Takes G-6-P

Makes NADPH and/or Pentose sugars

Varies depending on cells requirements - energy or replication

56
Q

Excessive alcohol intake will inhibit gluconeogenesis. How?

A

Ethanol => Acetate => Acetyle CoA => CAC or stored

Processing ethanol requires NAD+

Uses up NAD+ which is needed for gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Black water fever arises from a deficiency in what enzyme?

A

G-6-P dehydrogenase deficiency

58
Q

Why is a deficiency in G-6-P dehydrogenase a problem?

A

PPP

Less enzyme - less NADPH produced in RBC

Free radical build up

Damage to membrane

Vulnerable

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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