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Science for shegs > How nerves work > Flashcards

How nerves work Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Part of PNS

Voluntary control of body movement

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2
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Part of nervous system controlling functions not directed consciously

Breathing, heartbeat etc

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3
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Part of ANS

Governs function of Gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What is the function of the Meninges?

A

Protect the central nervous system

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5
Q

True or false

Sulcus are the tops of the folds, and the gyrus are the part within the fold

A

False

Gyrus = Tops

Sulcus = Bottom

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6
Q

The Cerebrum is composed of what lobes? (4)

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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7
Q

What part of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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8
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay motor and sensory nerve signals

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9
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A

Hormone control/release

Body temperature

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10
Q

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are in what part of the brain?

A

Brainstem

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11
Q

How many sets of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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12
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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13
Q

“Catch the large snake carefully”

What does this refer to?

A 
Cervical - 8 
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5 
Sacral - 5 
Coccygeal - 1

Spinal nerve pairs

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14
Q

What type of matter makes up the Ventral and dorsal horn?

A

Grey matter

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15
Q

What horn is associated with Afferent signals?

A

Dorsal horn

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16
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory fibres contained?

A

Ganglions

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17
Q

Where are nerve tracts found?

A

Up spinal chord

In the white matter

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18
Q

Describe the simple purpose of the axon hillock.

A

Decides and triggers action potentials

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19
Q

What is the simple purpose of the presynaptic terminal?

A

Transmitter release

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20
Q

What is the name of the support cells of the CNS?

A

Glia

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21
Q

What 3 types of Glia is there?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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22
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintains external environment for neurones:

  • surrounds blood vessels and transports nutrients from the blood to neurones
  • produces blood-brain barrier
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23
Q

Describe the purpose of Oligodendrocytes.

A

Form myelin sheaths in CNS

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24
Q

What do Microglia do?

A

Phagocytic hoovers

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25
Q

Why do neurones need a resting membrane potential?

A

Allows depolarisation etc

So signals can be transmitted

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26
Q

In terms of K+ and Na+, why is there a RMP?

A

K+ moved into cell, Na+ moved out by pump

K+ leaks out

More +ve outside

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27
Q

What equation predcits the RMP for a single ion species?

A

Nernst equation

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28
Q

Why is the RMP not -90mV but is -70mV?

3

A

Other leaky channels

Electrogenic Na/K pump

Large -ve intracellular molecules

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29
Q

What is the purpose of a Graded potential?

A

Move the RMP to/away from threshold to trigger/inhibit an action potential

30
Q

What are the 4 types of Graded potential?

A

Generator
Post-synaptic
Endplate
Pacemaker

31
Q

Why are graded potentials decremental?

A

Axons are poor conductors

Current leaks out

32
Q

Why are graded potentials graded?

A

Strength of stimulus is encoded in change of membrane potential

33
Q

What are the 2 IPSP’s?

A

Ionotropic chloride - fast

Metabotropic potassium (opener) - slow

34
Q

What are the 2 EPSP’s?

A

Ionotropic sodium/potassium - fast

Metabotropic potassium (closer) - slow

35
Q

What is the significance of GABA and Glycine in graded potentials?

A

Neurotransmitters

36
Q

Simply describe how post-synaptic potentials are made.

A

Neurotransmitters open/close ligand-gated ion channels

Causing MP to be de/hyperpolarised

37
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels are used to produce what?

A

Action potential

38
Q

What does summation of graded potentials mean?

A

They can add to each other

39
Q

What is the difference between spatial and temporal summation?

A

Temporal = same synapse input repeated quickly

Spatial = different synapse inputs integrating

40
Q

What is pre-synaptic inhibition?

A

Synapse with inhibitory input attached to excitatory synapse

Reduces transmitter release - inhibits that one input

41
Q

What is post-synaptic inhibition?

A

Inhibitory input synapsed actually onto the neurone

Inhibits all inputs

42
Q

What must happen for an action potential to fire?

A

MP must reach threshold

-55mV

43
Q

What happens when membrane potential reaches threshold?

A

VG Sodium channels open

Sudden massive depolarisation

44
Q

What causes a cell to re/hyperpolarise when an action potential fires?

A

Sodium channels close

More potassium channels open - K+ goes out

45
Q

What does the frequency of an action potential encode?

A

Stimulus intensity

46
Q

Describe self propagation of action potentials.

A

Threshold reached, VGSC open, depolarisation

Depolarises next VGSC along which opens - depolarises more

Repeated

47
Q

What is the significance of the refractory period, in self propagation of action potentials?

A

Prevents AP from going backwards

48
Q

What 2 ways can conduction velocity be improved in axons?

A

Enlarged axons

Myelination

49
Q

Why is conduction velocity higher in large axons?

A

Lower axial resistance
Depolarisation spreads further
Less VGSC needed

50
Q

Why does myelination increase conduction velocity?

A

Less leakage of current
Depolarisation spreads further
Less VGSC needed

51
Q

What cells produce myelin for the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

What cells produce myelin for the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

What are the purpose of Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps for VGSCs

54
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Propagation of AP along myelinated axon

Depolarisation at each NOR

55
Q

What is the effect of Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

De-myelination

56
Q

What causes the compound action potential to have different spikes on an electrode graph?

A

Different sizes and myelinations of different axons in nerve trunk

57
Q

What are the 6 different axon types?

A 
A(alpha) 
A(beta)
A(gamma)
A(delta) 
B
C
58
Q

What axon basic type is responsible for proprioception, motoneurones, touch, pain etc?

A

A

59
Q

Whip or nae nae

In terms of sensitivity to local anaesthetics;
A is most sensitive, C is least sensitive.

A

Nae nae

A is most sensitive to anoxia

C is most sensitive to LA

60
Q

Yeet or skeet

Action potentials have a refractory period whereas graded potentials have no refractory period.

A

Yeet

61
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A

Chemical

Electrical

62
Q

What does the action potential do at the end of motor neurone?

A

Opens voltage gated Calcium channels in presynaptic terminal

63
Q

What effect does opening Ca2+ channels have in presynaptic terminal?

A

Change in [Ca2+] causes fusion of vesicles with membrane

64
Q

What happens after the vesicles in presynaptic terminal?

A

Acetylcholine released via exocytosis into synaptic cleft

65
Q

What does ACh bind to after diffusing across the synaptic cleft?

A

Binds to Ach (nicotinic) receptors

66
Q

What effect does ACh have when it binds to the ACh receptors? (3)

A

Opens ligand gates Na+/K+ channels

Evokes end-plate potential

Depolarises to threshold

67
Q

Describe what happens after the end plate potential is triggered.

A

Opens VGSC

Evokes new AP

68
Q

What enzyme breaks down ACh?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

69
Q

In the CNS, synapses can be found on 3 different parts of the cell. What names are used for these synapses?

A

Axo-somatic
Axo-dendritic
Axo-axonal

70
Q

True or false

Polysynaptic pathways are harder to predict because they are much more open to modulation at each synapse

A

True

71
Q

On a scale of 1 to 10

How fucking boring is nerves

A

11

72
Q

True or false

Feedback inhibition (synaptic) is found only at neuromuscular junction to stop muscles repeatedly twitching.

A

False

Only in CNS
Means neurone fires once then stops

Science for shegs (28 decks)

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