Immunology 2

Question 1

What are granulocytes?

Answer 1

White blood cells who’s cytoplasms contain histologically prominent granules

These granules can be released from the cells via exocytosis: ‘degranulation’

Question 2

What are the granulocytes of the immune system?

Answer 2

Basophils
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Question 3

What are phagocytes?

Answer 3

A group of leukocytes that engulf and ingest their targets via phagocytosis

Question 4

What are the phagocytes of the immune system?

Answer 4

Neutrophils

Monocytes/macrophages

Question 5

What are the cytotoxic cells of the immune system?

Answer 5

Eosinophils
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

Question 6

What are the antigen presenting cells of the immune system?

Answer 6

Monocytes/macrophages 
Lymphocytes 
Plasma cells 
Natural killer cells 
Dendritic cells

Question 7

What type of immune cell is both a granulocyte and a phagocyte?

Answer 7

Neutrophils

These primarily phagocytose, but can degranulate in some situations

Question 8

What immune cell is most abundant in the immune system?

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?

Answer 9

Monocytes are macrophage precursors and exist in the blood

Macrophages are cellular

Monocytes mature into macrophages once they get into ya tissues

Question 10

What is the ‘gold standard’ in drug clinical trial research?

Answer 10

Yeah fuck you all

Question 11

What is the function/main features of Basophils and Mast cells?

Answer 11

Circulatory, granulocytes

Release chemicals (degranulation) that mediate inflammation and allergic response

These cells are rare and the least abundant (basophils are the least abundant WBC)

Question 12

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 12

Type of granulocyte
Type of Cytotoxic cell

It’s main function is to destroy invaders - particularly those who are ‘opsonised’

Question 13

What are the main functions of dendritic cells?

Answer 13

A type of APC, that is found in the skin and various organs

Also called Langerhans cells

Recognise pathogens and activate other immune cells through antigen presentation

Question 14

Why is innate immunity ‘non-specific’?

Answer 14

The immune cells that make up the IIS are programmed to respond to a wide variety of material which they consider ‘foreign’

Question 15

What type of white blood cell is central to the involvement of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 15

Antigen presenting cells

Question 16

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 16

Type of lymphocyte

NKC’s form part of the innate immune response, and are able to recognise virus infected cells and some tumour cells

NKC’s are cytotoxic and kill cells by inducing apoptosis

Question 17

Describe the process of phagocytosis, by a macrophage

Answer 17

Macrophage recognises non-self antigens on pathogens surface

Macrophage adheres to pathogen

It then engulfs it, forming a phagosome within the cytoplasm

Lysosome within the macrophage fuses with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome

‘Lysozymes’ destroy the pathogen forming a ‘residual body’ of indigestible waste

Residual body moves to membrane of macrophage - waste discharged via exocytosis

Question 18

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 18

Primary lymphoid tissues are where immune cells form and mature:

• Thymus
• Bone marrow

Secondary lymphoid tissues are organs which have high concentrations of mature WBC’s just chilling:

• Spleen
• Lymph nodes
• Tonsils
• Lots of others but ^ are the main ones

Question 19

Where are T-lymphocytes produced?

Answer 19

Bone marrow

Question 20

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 20

Thymus

Question 21

Where do B-lymphocytes form and mature?

Answer 21

Bone marrow

Question 22

What cell produces anti-bodies?

Answer 22

Plasma cells

Question 23

What is the structure of antibodies?

Answer 23

2 Heavy chains 
2 Light chains 
Linked by disulphide bridges 
Antigen binding sites
Hinge region
Fc region 
Fab region 

Just draw it out or something

Question 24

What are the 5 types of antibodies?

Answer 24

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

GAMED

Question 25

What are the main features of IgG antibodies?

Answer 25

75% of anitbodies in adults

Produced in Secondary immune response

Some IgG’s activate compliment system

Maternally transferred to babies

Question 26

What are IgA antibodies used for?

Answer 26

Externally secreted in tears n shit

Bind to external pathogens - opsonising them so they are quickly phagocytosed if they enter the internal environment

Question 27

What are IgM antibodies used for?

Answer 27

Associated with primary immune response (dont need to know how)

On surface of B-lymphocytes

Strongly activates compliment system

Involved with blood group antigens

Question 28

What are IgE antibodies used for?

Answer 28

Target parasites in the gut and are also involved with allergic responses

Question 29

What are IgD antibodies used for?

Answer 29

On B lymphocytes surface alongside IgM - but noone knows what they do

Question 30

What causes antibodies to be produced?

Answer 30

Activated B-lymphocytes will differentiate into plasma cells and proliferate

Plasma cells produce a fuck ton of antibodies

Question 31

What are the different ways that antibodies can fight off infection of a pathogen?

Answer 31

1 - Antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins

2 - Opsonise pathogens for destruction by a phagocyte

3 - Trigger degranulation of granulocytes on the pathogen

4 - Activate the compliment system leading to membrane attack complex formation. MAC causes death of pathogen

Question 32

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 32

Secondary lymphoid organ

1 - Contains lots of APCs in red pulp, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in it’s ‘white pulp’. Promotes the development of humoral response.

2 - Filters blood of nasty shite