Anatomy: Bones and nerves Flashcards
Pre-practical
Long bone is comprised of several segments.
The epiphysis is the wider segment at either end, what are the other two segments?
Diaphysis - shaft segment
Metaphysis - area between epiphysis and diaphysis
- part of growth plate
What segment is articular cartilage generally found on?
Epiphysis
What membrane covers bone?
Periosteum
Long bones are often found on limbs, what terms would you use to describe the position of the epiphysis at either end of a long bone?
Proximal or distal
What segment are condyles found in?
Epiphysis
What are condyles?
Smooth end of bone
Cartilage covered
Articulates in joint with condyle of another bone
Describe what epicondyles are and what they are used for.
Protruding area near the condyle
Point of attachment for ligaments/tendons
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression in bone
Why are fossae important in allowing full joint mobility?
When joint bends, epiphysis of adjoined bone fits into fossa
∴ more movement
What is the name given to any projection or bump, on the bone?
Process
What are foramen?
‘Rounded aperture’ for vessels and nerves
Basically just a hole for blood vessels and nerves to go in. Nutrients etc also enter bone via the nutrient foramen.
What is a sulcus?
Narrow groove
Describe the difference between tuberosities and tubercles.
Tuberosity = rough projection
Tubercle = small, rounded projection
A spine is a type of process.
Why does it differ from other processes?
Pointed
There are 2 basic types of bone, what are they?
Cortical - compact bone
Trabecular - spongy bone
In trabecular bone, one component is referred to a spicules.
What part is this?
The trabeculae
What is the epiphyseal growth plate made from?
Hyaline cartilage
Bone marrow contains 3 types of cells;
adipocytes, hematopoietic cells and megakaryocytes.
What do each of these cell types do?
Adipocytes - fat cells dipshit
Hematopoeitic cells - stem cells - give rise to blood cells
Megakaryocytes - make blood thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting
True of false
Fibrous joints are designed to be rigid and immovable
False
Most are (sutures + gomphoses)
Syndesmoses joints are designed to be slightly movable
What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?
Primary - only hyaline cartilage
Secondary - Hyaline + fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilaginous joint allows more movement?
Secondary
Secondary makes up inter vertebral discs etc whereas primary is used in the joint between epiphysis and diaphysis
What type of joint is fully mobile?
Synovial
Menisci is often found in synovial joints, such as the knee joint. What is it?
Thin layer of cartilage between surfaces of the joint
What are the 3 types of joint?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Give an example of each type
Sutures - cranial sutures
Gomphosis - dento-alveolar syndesmosis
Syndesmosis - the interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?
Synchondrosis - primary
Symphysis - secondary
State what synchondrosis joints are made from, and give an example of where they are found.
Made of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate
Describe the structure of a symphysis joint, and give an example them.
Two types of cartilage
Hyaline + fibrous cartilage
Slightly moveable joint
Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
List the types of synovial joints.
Give an example of each type.
(PBsPHSC)
Pivot - atlanto-axia joint in the spine Ball and Socket - Hip joint Plane - Acromioclavicular joint Hinge - Elbow joint Saddle - Carpometacarpal joint Condyloid - Metacarpophalangeal joint
Who IS the real slim shady?
Chorn <3
What membrane covers cartilage?
Perichondrium
What is the function of the membrane that covers cartilage?
Allows cartilage to grow
What is the vascular difference between cartilage and bone?
Bone is vascularised whereas cartilage does not have a blood supply
Aside from hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, what is the other type of cartilage, and where is it found?
Elastic cartilage
Found in the external ear and epiglottis
What are the 4 main plexuses?
Cervical (C1 - C5)
Brachial (C5 - T1)
Lumbar (L1 - L4)
Sacral (L4 - S4)
Nerves from the thoracic region of the spinal cord are generally of the segmental type (do not go into plexuses)
1) What is the exception to this?
2) What group of muscles do the thoracic nerves link to?
1) T1 (goes into the brachial plexus)
2) Intercostal muscles
