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Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissue types and functions

A

epithelial tissue - covering
connective tissue - support
muscle tissue - movement
nervous tissue - control

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces (eg skin)
lines body cavities (eg digestive and respiratory tracts)
lines lumen of blood vessels
forms parts of most glands

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3
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A 
protection
diffusion
absorption, secretion, and ion transport
filtration
may form slippery surfaces
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4
Q

epithelia

A

cells separated by minimal extracellular material
cells joined by special junctions
polarity: cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface
supported by connective tissue
avascular, but epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
innervated by sensory nerves
regeneration: lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division of stem cells

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5
Q

epithelia are separated by (a little/a lot) of extracellular material

A

little

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6
Q

epithelia polarity

A

cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

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7
Q

epithelia are (vascular/avascular)

A

avascular

but receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

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8
Q

epithelia are (innervated/not innervated)

A

innervated

by sensory nerves

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9
Q

epithelia regeneration

A

lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division of stem cells

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10
Q

origins of epithelium

A

ectoderm forms skin epithelium = epidermis
mesoderm forms epithelium inside of blood vessels (endothelium) and epithelial layer lining the ventral body cavity (mesothelium)
endoderm forms inner epithelial lining of the gut tube and its derivatives: respiratory tubes, digestive organs, and urinary bladder
develops during week 3 post conception

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11
Q

endothelium

A

epithelium inside of blood vessels

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12
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelial layer lining the ventral body cavity

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13
Q

epithelia: number of cell layers

A

simple - one layer of cells

stratified - more than one layer of cells

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14
Q

epithelia: cell shape

A

squamous - plate-like cells that are wider than tall
cuboidal - cells that are as wide as tall, like cubes
columnar - cells that are taller than they are wide, like columns

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15
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
function: passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
location:
renal corpuscles
alveoli of lungs
lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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16
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration

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17
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

renal corpuscles
alveoli of lungs
lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

function: secretion and absorption
location: kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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19
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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20
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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21
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei
some bear cilia at their apical surface
may contain goblet cells (mucus secreting unicellular glands)
function: absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes
ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
location:
nonciliated form - lines digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form - lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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22
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting unicellular glands

found in: simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption
secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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24
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

nonciliated form - lines digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form - lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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25
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action | lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
26
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
all cells originate at basement membrane only tall cells reach the apical surface nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, giving a false impression of stratification may contain goblet cells and bear cilia function: secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia locations: nonciliated type - ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of some large glands ciliated type - lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
27
function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia
28
locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nonciliated type - ducts of male reproductive tubes ducts of some large glands ciliated type - lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
29
stratified epithelia
contain 2 or more layers of cells regenerate from below (basal layer) major role is protection named according to shape of cells at apical layer
30
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers of surface cells are squamous (flattened) in shape deeper layer of cells appear cuboidal or columnar and are metabolically active thickest epithelial tissue function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion keratinized vs non-keratinized
31
function of stratified squamous epithelium
protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
32
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis of skin (dry membrane) contains the protective protein keratin waterproof surface cells are dead and full of keratin
33
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
``` forms moist lining of mucous membranes of body openings esophagus mouth anus vagina urethra ```
34
stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally two layers of cube-shaped cells function: protection location: forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, largest sweat glands
35
function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
protection
36
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, largest sweat glands
37
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers of cells: superficial cells are columnar while basal cells are usually cuboidal function: protection and secretion location: rare tissue type found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
38
function of stratified columnar epithelium
protection and secretion
39
location of stratified columnar epithelium
found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands | rare tissue type
40
transitional epithelium
has characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous superficial cells are dome-shaped (cuboidal-like) when bladder is empty, squamous when full basal cells are cuboidal or columnar function: permits distension of urinary organs by contained urine location: epithelium of urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
41
function of transitional epithelium
permits distension of urinary organs contained by contained urine
42
location of transitional epithelium
epithelium of urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
43
connective tissue
typically has relatively few cells with lots of extracellular matrix
44
ECM in connective tissue
produced by cells of the connective tissue | composed of some type of ground substance embedded with protein fibers
45
ground substance
produced by primary cell type of the tissue varies for each type of connective tissue makes up non-cellular components of the extracellular matrix soft connective tissue often has an amorphous gel-like material primarily composed of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and water in soft CT, the gel-like ground substance holds tissue fluid, and cushions, protects, reinforces body structures in bones, connective tissue is hard and calcified
46
ground substance in soft CT
amorphous gel-like material primarily composed of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and water holds tissue fluid cushions, protects, and reinforces body structures
47
protein fibers in connective tissue matrix
fibrous portion of matrix which provides support | type, density, and distribution are distinctive for each type of connective tissue
48
types of protein fibers in connective tissue
collagen fibers - strongest, resist tension reticular fibers - bundles of a special type of collagen fibril that cluster into a mesh-like network, cover and support structures elastic fibers - contain elastin and recoil after stretching
49
collagen fibers
strongest of the protein fibers in connective tissue | resist tension
50
reticular fibers
bundles of a special type of collagen fibril that cluster into a mesh-like network cover and support structures
51
elastic fibers
contain elastin | recoil after stretching
52
types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper cartilage bone tissue blood
53
primary cell type of connective tissue produces matrix
fibroblasts secrete matrix in connective tissue proper chondroblasts secrete matrix in cartilage osteoblasts secrete matrix in bone blood cells are an exception and do NOT produce matrix
54
connective tissue proper: ECM
ground substance | fibers: collagen, reticular, elastin
55
connective tissue proper: cell types
fibroblasts secrete ECM defense cells: macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils adipose cells
56
what runs through CT proper?
nerve cells and capillaries
57
2 subclasses of connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular | dense connective tissue: dense irregular, dense regular, dense elastic
58
loose connective tissue
most widespread type of connective tissue proper fibers are distributed throughout the tissue, but are separated from each other by ground substance areolar, adipose, reticular
59
areolar connective tissue
connective tissue proper, loose CT gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types these fibers are all produced by fibroblasts fibers provide support
60
ground substance of areolar connective tissue
viscous, spongy part of extracellular matrix | consists of sugar and protein molecules
61
tissue fluid of areolar connective tissue
interstitial fluid, derived from blood watery fluid occupied ECM holds and conveys tissue fluid
62
locations of areolar connective tissue
widely distributed under epithelia forms lamina propria of mucous membranes wraps, packages, and cushions organs surrounds small nerves and capillaries
63
functions of areolar connective tissue
support and binding of other tissues holds body fluids (interstitial fluid -> lymph) defends body against infection stores nutrients as fat important role in inflammation battlefield in fight against infection defense cells: mast cells, macrophages, plasma, white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils)
64
areolar connective tissue: defense cells
mast cells macrophages plasma cells white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils
65
interstitium
widespread macroscopic, fluid-filled space within and in between tissues present in numerous tissues subject to intermittent and/or rhythmic compression
66
adipose connective tissue
closely packed adipocytes nucleus pushed to the side by fat droplet richly vascularized
67
functions of adipose connective tissue
provides reserve food fuel insulated against heat loss supports and protects organs
68
locations of adipose connective tissue
under skin in hypodermis around kidneys behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts
69
reticular connective tissue
network of only reticular fibers in loose ground substance | strong three-dimensional network which forms a soft internal "skeleton" (stroma)
70
reticular connective tissue: stroma
soft internal skeleton formed by reticular fibers | contains spaces that support matrix, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
71
locations of reticular connective tissue
lymphoid organs: lymph nodes bone marrow spleen
72
dense irregular connective tissue
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers collagen fibers are thicker than in areolar CT some elastic fibers resists strong tensions from different directions fibroblast is a major cell type
73
functions of dense irregular connective tissue
able to withstand tension exerted in many directions | provides structural strength
74
locations of dense irregular connective tissue
dermis of skin submucosa of digestive tract fibrous capsules of joints and some organs
75
dense regular connective tissue
``` primarily parallel collagen fibers some elastic fibers withstands great stress in one direction fibroblasts are common cell type poorly vascularized ```
76
functions and locations of dense regular connective tissue
forms tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia
77
tendons
attach muscle to bone | dense regular connective tissue
78
ligaments
attach bone to bone | dense regular connective tissue
79
aponeuroses
sheet-like fibrous membranes that join muscle and the body parts the muscle acts upon dense regular connective tissue
80
fascia
layers of fibrous dense regular connective tissue that cover and separate muscles and other structures
81
elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers predominate | type of dense connective tissue
82
functions of elastic connective tissue
allows recoil after stretching | maintains pulsatile flows of blood in arteries and recoil of lungs with breathing
83
locations of elastic connective tissue
within walls of arteries, surrounding bronchial tubes, and in certain ligaments associated with vertebral column
84
tissues throughout life: second month of embryonic development
primary tissue types have emerged | major organs are in place
85
tissues throughout life: adulthood
only a few cells (eg epithelia) fully regenerate | many tissues still retain populations of stem cells
86
tissues throughout life: increasing age
epithelia thin collagen decreases bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy poor nutrition and poor circulation lead to poor health of tissues
87
good capacity for regeneration
``` epithelia bone CT areolar CT dense irregular CT blood forming CT ```
88
moderate capacity for regeneration
smooth muscle | dense regular CT
89
weak capacity for regeneration
skeletal muscle tissue | cartilage
90
no capacity for regeneration
cardiac muscle tissue | nervous tissue

Anatomy (22 decks)

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