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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissue types and functions

A

epithelial tissue - covering
connective tissue - support
muscle tissue - movement
nervous tissue - control

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces (eg skin)
lines body cavities (eg digestive and respiratory tracts)
lines lumen of blood vessels
forms parts of most glands

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3
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A 
protection
diffusion
absorption, secretion, and ion transport
filtration
may form slippery surfaces
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4
Q

epithelia

A

cells separated by minimal extracellular material
cells joined by special junctions
polarity: cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface
supported by connective tissue
avascular, but epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
innervated by sensory nerves
regeneration: lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division of stem cells

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5
Q

epithelia are separated by (a little/a lot) of extracellular material

A

little

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6
Q

epithelia polarity

A

cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

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7
Q

epithelia are (vascular/avascular)

A

avascular

but receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

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8
Q

epithelia are (innervated/not innervated)

A

innervated

by sensory nerves

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9
Q

epithelia regeneration

A

lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division of stem cells

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10
Q

origins of epithelium

A

ectoderm forms skin epithelium = epidermis
mesoderm forms epithelium inside of blood vessels (endothelium) and epithelial layer lining the ventral body cavity (mesothelium)
endoderm forms inner epithelial lining of the gut tube and its derivatives: respiratory tubes, digestive organs, and urinary bladder
develops during week 3 post conception

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11
Q

endothelium

A

epithelium inside of blood vessels

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12
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelial layer lining the ventral body cavity

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13
Q

epithelia: number of cell layers

A

simple - one layer of cells

stratified - more than one layer of cells

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14
Q

epithelia: cell shape

A

squamous - plate-like cells that are wider than tall
cuboidal - cells that are as wide as tall, like cubes
columnar - cells that are taller than they are wide, like columns

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15
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
function: passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
location:
renal corpuscles
alveoli of lungs
lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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16
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration

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17
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

renal corpuscles
alveoli of lungs
lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

function: secretion and absorption
location: kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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19
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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20
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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21
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei
some bear cilia at their apical surface
may contain goblet cells (mucus secreting unicellular glands)
function: absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes
ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
location:
nonciliated form - lines digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form - lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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22
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting unicellular glands

found in: simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption
secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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24
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

nonciliated form - lines digestive tract (stomach to anus), gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form - lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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25
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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26
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

all cells originate at basement membrane
only tall cells reach the apical surface
nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, giving a false impression of stratification
may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
function: secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia
locations:
nonciliated type - ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of some large glands
ciliated type - lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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27
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

secretion of mucus and propulsion of mucus by cilia

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28
Q

locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nonciliated type - ducts of male reproductive tubes
ducts of some large glands
ciliated type - lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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29
Q

stratified epithelia

A

contain 2 or more layers of cells
regenerate from below (basal layer)
major role is protection
named according to shape of cells at apical layer

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30
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers of surface cells are squamous (flattened) in shape
deeper layer of cells appear cuboidal or columnar and are metabolically active
thickest epithelial tissue
function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
keratinized vs non-keratinized

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31
Q

function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

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32
Q

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis of skin (dry membrane)
contains the protective protein keratin
waterproof
surface cells are dead and full of keratin

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33
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A 
forms moist lining of mucous membranes of body openings
esophagus
mouth
anus
vagina
urethra
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34
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

generally two layers of cube-shaped cells

function: protection
location: forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, largest sweat glands

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35
Q

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

protection

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36
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, largest sweat glands

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37
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells: superficial cells are columnar while basal cells are usually cuboidal
function: protection and secretion
location: rare tissue type
found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

38
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection and secretion

39
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

rare tissue type

40
Q

transitional epithelium

A

has characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous
superficial cells are dome-shaped (cuboidal-like) when bladder is empty, squamous when full
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
function: permits distension of urinary organs by contained urine
location: epithelium of urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra

41
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

permits distension of urinary organs contained by contained urine

42
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A

epithelium of urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra

43
Q

connective tissue

A

typically has relatively few cells with lots of extracellular matrix

44
Q

ECM in connective tissue

A

produced by cells of the connective tissue

composed of some type of ground substance embedded with protein fibers

45
Q

ground substance

A

produced by primary cell type of the tissue
varies for each type of connective tissue
makes up non-cellular components of the extracellular matrix
soft connective tissue often has an amorphous gel-like material primarily composed of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and water
in soft CT, the gel-like ground substance holds tissue fluid, and cushions, protects, reinforces body structures
in bones, connective tissue is hard and calcified

46
Q

ground substance in soft CT

A

amorphous gel-like material
primarily composed of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and water
holds tissue fluid
cushions, protects, and reinforces body structures

47
Q

protein fibers in connective tissue matrix

A

fibrous portion of matrix which provides support

type, density, and distribution are distinctive for each type of connective tissue

48
Q

types of protein fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen fibers - strongest, resist tension
reticular fibers - bundles of a special type of collagen fibril that cluster into a mesh-like network, cover and support structures
elastic fibers - contain elastin and recoil after stretching

49
Q

collagen fibers

A

strongest of the protein fibers in connective tissue

resist tension

50
Q

reticular fibers

A

bundles of a special type of collagen fibril that cluster into a mesh-like network
cover and support structures

51
Q

elastic fibers

A

contain elastin

recoil after stretching

52
Q

types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

53
Q

primary cell type of connective tissue produces matrix

A

fibroblasts secrete matrix in connective tissue proper
chondroblasts secrete matrix in cartilage
osteoblasts secrete matrix in bone
blood cells are an exception and do NOT produce matrix

54
Q

connective tissue proper: ECM

A

ground substance

fibers: collagen, reticular, elastin

55
Q

connective tissue proper: cell types

A

fibroblasts secrete ECM
defense cells: macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
adipose cells

56
Q

what runs through CT proper?

A

nerve cells and capillaries

57
Q

2 subclasses of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissue: dense irregular, dense regular, dense elastic

58
Q

loose connective tissue

A

most widespread type of connective tissue proper
fibers are distributed throughout the tissue, but are separated from each other by ground substance
areolar, adipose, reticular

59
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, loose CT
gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types
these fibers are all produced by fibroblasts
fibers provide support

60
Q

ground substance of areolar connective tissue

A

viscous, spongy part of extracellular matrix

consists of sugar and protein molecules

61
Q

tissue fluid of areolar connective tissue

A

interstitial fluid, derived from blood
watery fluid occupied ECM
holds and conveys tissue fluid

62
Q

locations of areolar connective tissue

A

widely distributed under epithelia
forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
wraps, packages, and cushions organs
surrounds small nerves and capillaries

63
Q

functions of areolar connective tissue

A

support and binding of other tissues
holds body fluids (interstitial fluid -> lymph)
defends body against infection
stores nutrients as fat
important role in inflammation
battlefield in fight against infection
defense cells: mast cells, macrophages, plasma, white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils)

64
Q

areolar connective tissue: defense cells

A

mast cells
macrophages
plasma cells
white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils

65
Q

interstitium

A

widespread macroscopic, fluid-filled space within and in between tissues
present in numerous tissues subject to intermittent and/or rhythmic compression

66
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

closely packed adipocytes
nucleus pushed to the side by fat droplet
richly vascularized

67
Q

functions of adipose connective tissue

A

provides reserve food fuel
insulated against heat loss
supports and protects organs

68
Q

locations of adipose connective tissue

A

under skin in hypodermis
around kidneys
behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts

69
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

network of only reticular fibers in loose ground substance

strong three-dimensional network which forms a soft internal “skeleton” (stroma)

70
Q

reticular connective tissue: stroma

A

soft internal skeleton formed by reticular fibers

contains spaces that support matrix, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

71
Q

locations of reticular connective tissue

A

lymphoid organs:
lymph nodes
bone marrow
spleen

72
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers
collagen fibers are thicker than in areolar CT
some elastic fibers
resists strong tensions from different directions
fibroblast is a major cell type

73
Q

functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions

provides structural strength

74
Q

locations of dense irregular connective tissue

A

dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous capsules of joints and some organs

75
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A 
primarily parallel collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
withstands great stress in one direction
fibroblasts are common cell type
poorly vascularized
76
Q

functions and locations of dense regular connective tissue

A

forms tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia

77
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

dense regular connective tissue

78
Q

ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

dense regular connective tissue

79
Q

aponeuroses

A

sheet-like fibrous membranes that join muscle and the body parts the muscle acts upon
dense regular connective tissue

80
Q

fascia

A

layers of fibrous dense regular connective tissue that cover and separate muscles and other structures

81
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

elastic fibers predominate

type of dense connective tissue

82
Q

functions of elastic connective tissue

A

allows recoil after stretching

maintains pulsatile flows of blood in arteries and recoil of lungs with breathing

83
Q

locations of elastic connective tissue

A

within walls of arteries, surrounding bronchial tubes, and in certain ligaments associated with vertebral column

84
Q

tissues throughout life: second month of embryonic development

A

primary tissue types have emerged

major organs are in place

85
Q

tissues throughout life: adulthood

A

only a few cells (eg epithelia) fully regenerate

many tissues still retain populations of stem cells

86
Q

tissues throughout life: increasing age

A

epithelia thin
collagen decreases
bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy
poor nutrition and poor circulation lead to poor health of tissues

87
Q

good capacity for regeneration

A 
epithelia
bone CT
areolar CT
dense irregular CT
blood forming CT
88
Q

moderate capacity for regeneration

A

smooth muscle

dense regular CT

89
Q

weak capacity for regeneration

A

skeletal muscle tissue

cartilage

90
Q

no capacity for regeneration

A

cardiac muscle tissue

nervous tissue

Anatomy (22 decks)

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