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Anatomy > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

types of blood vessels (and diameters)

A 
elastic arteries (1 - 2.5cm)
muscular arteries (0.3 mm - 1 cm)
arterioles (10 um - 0.3 mm)
capillaries (8 - 10 um)
venules (8 - 100 um)
veins
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2
Q

layers of arteries

A

lumen - blood filled inner space
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

endothelium made up of simple squamous epithelium
subendothelial layer
internal elastic membrane

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4
Q

tunica media

A

sheets of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
external elastic membrane
contraction causes vasoconstriction, relaxation causes vasodilation

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5
Q

tunica externa

A

composed of collagen fibers

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6
Q

elastic arteries

A

for conducting blood
largest arteries
diameter 1-2.5 cm
high elastin content: dampens surge of blood pressure
walls of vessels supplied by vasa vasorum
proximal to muscular arteries

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7
Q

muscular arteries

A

for distributing blood
lie distal to elastic arteries
diameter 0.3 mm - 1 cm
tunica media is thick, smooth muscle and elastin fibers
unique feature: internal and external elastic membranes that dampen the pulsatile pressure produced by the heartbeat

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8
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries
diameters 10 um - 0.3 mm
larger arterioles possess the same tunics
diameter of arterioles controlled by: local factors in the tissues, autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels
diameter 8 - 10 um
red blood cells pass through single file
site specific functions

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10
Q

site-specific functions of capillaries

A

lungs: oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves blood
other tissues: oxygen leaves blood, carbon dioxide enters blood
small intestines: receive digested nutrients
endocrine glands: pick up hormones
kidneys: remove nitrogenous and other wastes

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11
Q

poorly vascularized tissues

A

tendons and ligaments are poorly vascularized

epithelia and cartilage are avascular

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12
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

regulate the flow of blood to tissues
when relaxed, sphincters are open and blood flows to true capillaries
when constricted, sphincters are closed and blood flows to metarteriole thoroughfare channel and bypasses the capillaries

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13
Q

types of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries - the least permeable type of capillaries
fenestrated capillary - large fenestrations (pores) increase permeability in small intestines and kidneys
sinusoidal capillary - most permeable with wide intercellular clefts in bone marrow, liver, and spleen

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14
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common type
relatively low permeability
found in skin, muscle, blood-brain barrier
capillaries have complete tight junctions of endothelial cells which prevent movement
vital molecules pass through via highly selective transport mechanisms (endothelial cell membranes and pinocytotic vesicles)
not a barrier against: oxygen, carbon dioxide, some drugs

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15
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A

skin, muscle, blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

pericytes around continuous capillaries

A

contractile cells that wrap around endothelial cells, embedded in basement membrane
communicate with and help sustain endothelial cells

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17
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A 
large fenestrations (pores) result in increased permeability
found in kidneys and small intestines
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18
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A 
most permeable capillaries
wide open intercellular clefts (gaps of unjoined membrane through which small molecules can enter and exit)
usually also fenestrated
incomplete basement membrane
have a large diameter and twisted course
found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
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19
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

small intestine, kidneys

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20
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen

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21
Q

routes of permeability in capillaries

A
  1. endothelial cell membranes
  2. pinocytotic vesicles
  3. fenestrations (fenestrated capillaries)
  4. intercellular clefts (sinusoidal capillaries)
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22
Q

smallest venules are called

A

postcapillary venules

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23
Q

thickest tunic in veins

A

tunica externa

rich in collagen fibers

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24
Q

mechanisms to move venous blood

A

valves - in some valves, prevent backflow of blood, particularly in limbs
skeletal muscles - press against vein walls and help pump blood toward the heart

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25
Q

vascular anastomoses

A

vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses that enable organs to receive blood from more than one blood vessel
veins anastomose more than arteries

26
Q

vasa vasorum

A

vessel of vessels
tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins nourish outer region (tunica externa) of large vessel walls
the inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood

27
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary trunk extends from right ventricle, divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
superior and inferior pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium

28
Q

systemic arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

the aorta, for example

29
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body
ascending aorta arises from the left ventricle and early branches form coronary arteries
aortic arch lies posterior to manubrium
descending aorta continues from the aortic arch
divides into right and left common iliac arteries

30
Q

aortic arch

A

lies posterior to the manubrium
brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian and common carotid arteries
left common carotid artery
left subclavian

31
Q

descending aorta

A

continues from the aortic arch
thoracic aorta in the region of T15-T12
abdominal aorta ends at L4

32
Q

common carotid arteries

A

located in anterior triangle of neck

2 branches: external and internal

33
Q

external common carotid artery branches

A 
maxillary artery
facial artery
lingual artery
superficial temporal artery
occipital artery
superior thyroid artery
34
Q

internal common carotid artery branches

A

ophthalmic artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery

35
Q

cerebral artery circle (circle of Willis)

A

forms a loop around pituitary gland and optic chiasm
anterior blood supply from internal carotids
posterior blood supply from vertebral arteries

36
Q

vertebral arteries

A

supply blood to posterior part of brain
extend off subclavian artery and ascend through foramina in transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C1-C6
merge to form basilar artery, splits into posterior cerebral arteries

37
Q

arteries of the arm

A

subclavian –> axillary –> brachial –> radial/ulnar –> superficial/deep palmar arch, digital arteries

38
Q

axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the

A

inferior border of teres major muscle

39
Q

arteries of the thorax

A

anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

lateral and internal thoracic arteries

40
Q

arteries of the abdominal aorta

A 
inferior phrenic
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric
suprarenal
renal
gonadal
inferior mesenteric
common iliac
41
Q

celiac trunk

A

main branches supply the viscera in superior abdomen

3 main branches: left gastric, splenic, common hepatic

42
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

arteries extend to jejunum, ileum, proximal half of colon (cecum, appendix, ascending colon, first half of transverse colon)

43
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

arteries extend to distal half of colon (second half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

44
Q

artery branches off the internal iliac

A 
gluteal
obturar
internal pudendal
middle rectum
visceral
uterine
45
Q

arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs

A 
internal iliac
external iliac
femoral
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
fibular
dorsalis pedalis
plantar
plantar arch
46
Q

3 major veins enter the right atrium

A 
superior vena cava (returns blood from structures superior to diaphragm)
inferior vena cava (returns blood from structures inferior to diaphragm)
coronary sinus (returns blood from cardiac muscle)
47
Q

coronary sinus

A

supplies right atrium
receives blood via coronary sinus in posterior coronary sulcus
drains from great, middle, and small cardiac veins

48
Q

dural sinuses in brain

A

venous channels found between periosteal dura and the brain
walls of the dural venous sinuses are lined with endothelium
internal jugular vein drains the venous sinuses

49
Q

dural sinuses in the head and neck

A 
super and inferior sagittal sinuses
straight sinus
cavernous sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
50
Q

deep veins of the upper limbs

A 
subclavian
axillary
brachial
basilic
cephalic
radial
ulnar
deep palmar arch
digital
51
Q

superficial veins of the upper limbs

A

basilic
cephalic
median cubital (site of blood draw)
median antebrachial

52
Q

veins of the thorax

A

azygos
hemiazygos
accessory hemiazygos
intercostals

53
Q

veins of the abdomen

A 
inferior phrenic
hepatic
suprarenal
renal
lumbar
gonadal
54
Q

hepatic portal system

A

specialized part of the vascular circuit
picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestine and delivers nutrients to the liver for processing and storage

55
Q

veins that supply the hepatic portal system

A 
gastric
gastroepiploic
splenic
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
56
Q

first capillary bed of hepatic portal system

A

in the stomach and intestines

receives digested nutrients and then drains into hepatic portal veins

57
Q

second capillary bed of hepatic portal system

A

liver sinusoids
nutrients reach liver cells for processing (still oxygen-poor)
blood then reenters systemic circulation

58
Q

superficial veins of the pelvis and lower limbs

A

small saphenous
great saphenous
arise from the dorsal venous arch

59
Q

deep veins of the pelvis and lower limbs

A 
iliac
femoral
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
fibular
dorsalis pedalis
plantar
plantar arch
digital
60
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation of blood vessel wall that may burst

61
Q

example of venous disease

A

varicose veins

62
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fat deposits in arteries

Anatomy (22 decks)

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