Respiratory

Question 1

tight junctions (zona occludens)

Answer 1

close off intercellular space
found at apical region of most epithelial tissue types
belt-like junction extends around the periphery of each cell
some proteins in plasma membrane are fused which forms a seal that closes off intercellular space
prevent certain molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue

Question 2

where are the tightest tight junctions food?

Answer 2

epithelium of small intestine

to keep digestive enzymes and intestinal microbes from seeping into bloodstream

Question 3

adhesive belt junctions (zonula adherens)

Answer 3

located just below tight junctions in epithelial tissue
transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells
reinforce tight junctions, particularly when tissues are stretched

Question 4

desmosomes

Answer 4

anchoring junctions which bind adjacent cells together and form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
cells joined by linker glycoproteins (adherins)
common in cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue

Question 5

gap junctions

Answer 5

channel between cells (connexon)
hollow cylinders of protein which connect cells
allow ions and small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells
function in intercellular communication

Question 6

cytoskeleton

Answer 6

microtubules - cylindrical structures made of proteins
microfilaments - filaments of contractile protein actin
intermediate filaments - protein fibers

Question 7

microvilli

Answer 7

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells
each contains a core of actin filaments that extend into actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
occur in almost every moist epithelium of the body

Question 8

where are the longest and most abundant microvilli found?

Answer 8

epithelia of the small intestine (for nutrient absorption and digestion)
and kidneys (for ion transport)

Question 9

cilia

Answer 9

whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
contain a core of nine doublets of microtubules encircling one middle doublet
doublets have attached motor proteins (dynein arms)
cilia produce propulsive stroke followed by nonpropulsive recovery

Question 10

Kartagener’s syndrome

Answer 10

dynein arms do not form

cilia cannot propel

Question 11

exocrine glands

Answer 11

ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
include: mucus-secreting glands, sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands, liver and pancreas (secrete digestive fluids)

Question 12

unicellular exocrine gland: the goblet cell

Answer 12

produces mucin

mucin + water = mucus

Question 13

2 basic parts of a multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 13

epithelium-walled duct (simple or compound)
secretory unit (tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar)

Question 14

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 14

absorbs oxygen from air into blood

disposes of carbon dioxide into air from blood

Question 15

organs of the respiratory system

Answer 15

• nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
• pharynx, larynx, trachea
• lung bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Question 16

the nose: functions

Answer 16

provides an airway from respiratory
filters inhaled air
humidifies and warms air
resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors

Question 17

the nose: tissue

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous CT

Question 18

the nasal cavity

Answer 18

external nares = nostrils
divided by nasal septum
continuous with nasopharynx through choanae
olfactory mucosa near roof of nasal cavity

Question 19

choanae

Answer 19

posterior tunnel-shaped nasal apertures

Question 20

nasal respiratory mucosa

Answer 20

lines nasal cavity
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
underlying layer of lamina propria (areolar CT) is richly supplied with tubuloalveolar glands that contain mucous and serous cells

Question 21

nasal conchae (=turbinate)

Answer 21

function to filter, heat, and moisten air during inhalation
as inhaled air rushes over the conchae, resulting turbulence increases amount of contact between conchae and inhaled air
causes air particulate matter to be deflected onto mucus-coated surfaces

Question 22

paranasal sinuses

Answer 22

cavities in cranial bones near the nose
lined with mucosa and typically filled with air
extensions of the nasal cavity
help to humidify, warm, filter air
lighten the skull

Question 23

nasopharynx

Answer 23

superior to the point where food enters the mouth
during swallowing: soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx from below
contains opening to pharyngotympanic tube
tubal and pharyngeal tonsils
respiratory epithelium

Question 24

oropharynx

Answer 24

extends from soft palate to epiglottis
stratified squamous epithelium
both food and air pass through oropharynx
palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 25

fauces

Answer 25

arch-like entryway of the oropharynx

Question 26

laryngopharynx

Answer 26

passageway for both food and air stratified squamous epithelium continuous with the esophagus and the larynx

Question 27

the larynx

Answer 27

positioned at level C4-C6 | attached superiorly to hyoid bone and inferiorly to trachea

Question 28

epithelium of the larynx

Answer 28

superior part: stratified squamous epithelium inferior to vocal cords: respiratory epithelium with upward directed power stroke of cilia which helps clear dust trapping mucus

Question 29

larynx functions

Answer 29

voice productions provides an open airway routes food and air into proper channels

Question 30

9 cartilages of the larynx

Answer 30

unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages paired: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

Question 31

vocal cords

Answer 31

true vocal cords/vocal folds act in voice production | false vocal cords/vestibular folds do not act in voice production

Question 32

the trachea

Answer 32

descends into the mediastinum C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open respiratory epithelium

Question 33

bronchopulmonary segments (tertiary bronchi)

Answer 33

``` right superior lobe: 3 right middle lobe: 2 right inferior lobe: 5 left superior lobe: 4 left inferior lobe: 5 ```

Question 34

alveoli: type I cells

Answer 34

simple squamous epithelium | surrounded by basal lamina

Question 35

alveoli: type II cells

Answer 35

simple cuboidal epithelium | secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension with alveoli to keep them inflated

Question 36

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Answer 36

in reticular formation in medulla oblongata pacemaker which generates respiratory rhythm and rate with input from the pons respiratory centers and dorsal respiratory group (DRG) influenced by chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2 and O@ levels

Question 37

inspiration

Answer 37

volume of thoracic cavity increases diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly contraction of external intercostal muscles raises the ribs upward

Question 38

quiet inspiration

Answer 38

external and internal intercostal muscles function together to stiffen the thoracic wall

Question 39

deep inspiration

Answer 39

scalenes sternocleidomastoid pectoralis minor erector spinae

Question 40

quiet expiration

Answer 40

chiefly a passive process inspiratory muscles relax diaphragm moves superiorly and volume of thoracic cavity decreases

Question 41

forced expiration

Answer 41

``` active process internal and external obliques transversus abdominis latissimus dorsi internal intercostals ```

Question 42

disorders of lower respiratory structures

Answer 42

bronchial asthma: constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle results in difficulty breathing emphysema: breaking down of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity results in air trapping bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia