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Anatomy > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the autonomic nervous system innervates:

A
  1. smooth muscle in organs and blood vessels
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. glands
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2
Q

part of the ____ division of the peripheral nervous system

A

motor division

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3
Q

autonomic motor systems vs. single somatic motor axon

A

autonomic motor system: thinly myelinated preganglionic neuron, unmyelinated postganglionic neuron, pre- and postganglionic neurons synapse in a ganglion

somatic motor system: axons are typically well myelinated, conduct impulses more rapidly, have one axon that extends from the CNS to the muscle directly

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4
Q

sympathetic nervous system effects

A

increases: heart rate, breathing rate, blood and oxygen to skeletal muscles
dilates: pupils and airways
inhibits: motility of the digestive and urinary tracts
stimulates: sweat glands, arrector pili muscles

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5
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effects

A

conserves energy
heart rate and breathing rate remain normal
normal motility of digestive tract, normal digestive enzyme production
pupils are constricted

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6
Q

anatomical differences: sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

different regions of CNS
length of postganglionic axon fibers
branching of postganglionic axon fibers
neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons

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7
Q

regions of CNS: sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A 
sympathetic = thoracolumbar
parasympathetic = craniosacral
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8
Q

length of postganglionic axon fibers: sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

sympathetic - usually longer, ganglia are closer to CNS

parasympathetic - usually shorter, ganglia are closer to viscera

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9
Q

branching of postganglionic axon fibers: sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

sympathetic - may be highly branched

parasympathetic - have few branches

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10
Q

neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axon: sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

sympathetic - norepinephrine (adrenergic)

parasympathetic - acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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11
Q

parasympathetic: cranial outflow

A

comes from CN III (oculomotor), CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus) in brainstem
innervates: organs of the head, neck, thorax, most of abdomen
cell bodies of preganglionic cranial nerves located in cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem
ganglionic cell bodies located near viscera/organs/tissues being innervated
path of vagus nerve (CN X) sends branches throughout parasympathetic autonomic nerve plexuses

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12
Q

cranial nerves contributing to parasympathetic outflow

A 
CN III (oculomotor)
CN VII (facial)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus)
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13
Q

parasympathetic cranial outflow innervates

A

organs of the head, neck, thorax, most of abdomen

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14
Q

parasympathetic: sacral outflow

A

S2-S4
comes from visceral motor region of ventral gray matter of spine
innervates: organs of pelvis and lower abdomen
stimulates urination, defecation, and erection
preganglionic cell bodies located in ventral gray matter of spine (visceral motor region)
axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami, form pelvic splanchnic nerves
run through the inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus

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15
Q

sympathetic division

A

issues from T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)
preganglionic fibers emerge from the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord
supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
contains more ganglia than the parasympathetic division

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16
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

located on both sides of the vertebral column
linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks
also called chain or paravertebral ganglia

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17
Q

sympathetic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord send motor axons through trunk ganglia via this sequence:

A 
preganglionic axon (thinly myelinated) - ventral root, ventral ramus of spinal nerve, white ramus communicans, associated sympathetic trunk ganglion
postganglionic axon (unmyelinated) - gray ramus communicans, ventral ramus of spinal nerve
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18
Q

white rami communicans

A

contain lightly myelinated preganglionic fibers traveling to sympathetic trunk ganglia

19
Q

gray rami communicans

A

contain unmeylinated postganglionic fibers traveling from ganglia to peripheral structures

20
Q

sympathetic preganglionic axons follow one of three pathways

A
  1. synapses with a postganglionic neuron at the same level and exits on a spinal nerve at that level
  2. axon ascends or descends in the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another ganglion
  3. axon does not synapse in the sympathetic trunk but instead passes through and exits in a splanchnic nerve and synapses in a collateral ganglion from which a postganglionic axon extends to the visceral ganglions
21
Q

three sympathetic preganglionic axon pathways (short version)

A
  1. synapses and exits on spinal nerve at same level
  2. axon ascends or descends to another ganglion
  3. axon exits in a splanchnic nerve and synapses in a collateral ganglion
22
Q

splanchnic nerves

A

nerves of the sympathetic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels

23
Q

collateral (prevertebral) ganglia differ from sympathetic trunk ganglia in 3 ways

A
  1. unpaired, not segmentally arranged
  2. occur only in pelvis and abdomen
  3. lie anterior to the vertebral column
24
Q

sympathetic collateral ganglia

A

celiac
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
inferior hypogastric (pelvic)

25
Q

sympathetic ganglia (7)

A 
inferior cervical
superior cervical
middle cervical
celiac
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
hypogastric
26
Q

sympathetic pathways to the head

A

preganglionic fibers originate T1-T4
fibers ascend in the sympathetic trunk and synapse in superior cervical ganglion
postganglionic fibers associate with eye, lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands

27
Q

sympathetic pathways to the head: summary

A

origin: T1-T4
ganglia: superior cervical
endpoint: eye, lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands

28
Q

sympathetic pathways to the thoracic region

A

preganglionic fibers originate T1-T6
some fibers synapse in nearest sympathetic ganglion and the nearest postganglionic fibers run to the heart, lungs, and esophagus

29
Q

sympathetic pathways to the thoracic region: summary

A

origin: T1-T6
endpoint: heart, lungs, esophagus

30
Q

sympathetic pathways to abdominal organs

A

preganglionic fibers originate T5-L2
pass through adjacent sympathetic ganglia then travel in splanchnic nerves
synapse in collateral ganglia (celiac and superior mesenteric) in abdomen

31
Q

sympathetic pathways to abdominal organs: summary

A

origin: T5-L2
ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric

32
Q

sympathetic pathways to pelvic organs

A

preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord from T10-L3
some preganglionic fibers pass directly to autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia, inferior mesenteric or pelvic ganglia
postganglionic fibers go from these plexuses to the bladder, reproductive organs, and distal large intestine

33
Q

sympathetic pathways to pelvic organs: summary

A

origin: T5-L2
ganglia: inferior mesenteric and pelvic (hypogastric)
endpoint: bladder, reproductive organs, distal large intestine

34
Q

role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division

A

major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
constitutes largest sympathetic ganglia
secretes largest quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulated to secrete by preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried in thoracic splanchnic nerve

35
Q

epinephrine production stimulated by

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried in thoracic splanchnic nerve travel to adrenal medulla

36
Q

CNS control of ANS

A 
cerebral frontal cortex
hypothalamus
amygdala
brainstem (reticular formation)
spinal cord
37
Q

cerebral frontal cortex: control of ANS

A

people can exert some conscious control over some autonomic functions by developing control over their thoughts and emotions
feelings of calm achieved during meditation are associated with the cerebral cortex enhancing parasympathetic centers in the hypothalamus
voluntary recall of a frightful experience can activate the sympathetic system via the amygdala

38
Q

amygdala: control of ANS

A

main limbic region for emotions
communication with the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray matter can stimulate sympathetic activity (especially previously learned fear-related behavior)

39
Q

hypothalamus: control of ANS

A

main integration center of the autonomic nervous system
medial and anterior parts direct parasympathetic function
lateral and posterior parts direct sympathetic function

40
Q

reticular formation: control of ANS

A

medulla oblongata - cardiac center, vasomotor, digestive activities
periaqueductal gray matter - exerts sympathetic fear response

41
Q

spinal cord: control of ANS

A 
influences visceral spinal reflexes:
urination reflex
defecation reflex
erection reflex
ejaculation/orgasm reflex
42
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

characterized by constriction of blood vessels
provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress
disorder of the autonomic nervous system

43
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

can result from overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction

Anatomy (22 decks)

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