Blood

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

an atypical connective tissue
develops from mesenchyme
located within blood vessels and heart
composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma (liquid fluid matrix)

Question 2

blood function

Answer 2

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
helps regulate body temperature

Question 3

volume

Answer 3

males 5-6 liters

females 4-5 liters

Question 4

composition of blood

Answer 4

erythrocytes (45% of blood)
leukocyte and platelets (<1% of blood)
plasma (55% of blood)

Question 5

plasma

Answer 5

straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood that lacks RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
makes up 55% of blood
approximately 90% of water
contains over 100 kinds of molecules: ions eg Na+ and Cl-, nutrients (sugars, lipids, amino acids, proteins)

Question 6

hematocrit

Answer 6

measure of the % RBC volume in blood
males 47%
females 42%

Question 7

3 main proteins of plasma

Answer 7

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

Question 8

erythrocytes

Answer 8

oxygen-transporting cells
7.5 um in diameter
have no organelles or nuclei
packed with oxygen-carrying hemoglobin

Question 9

erythrocytes pick up O2 at _____ capillaries and release O2 at ____ capillaries

Answer 9

pick up O2 at lung capillaries

release O2 at other tissue capillaries

Question 10

structural characteristics contributing to respiratory function of erythrocytes

Answer 10

biconcave shape gives 30% more surface area
lack mitochondria
do not consume the O2 they pick up

Question 11

leukocytes

Answer 11

originate in bone marrow
4,800-11,000 wbcs/cubic mm
protect the body from infectious microorganisms
function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue with amoeboid movement

Question 12

diapedesis

Answer 12

circulating leukocytes leave capillaries and venules by actively squeezing between endothelial cells

Question 13

never let monkeys eat bananas

Answer 13

neutrophils (50-70%)
lymphocytes (20-45%)
monocytes (3-8%)
eosinophils (1-4%)
basophils (0.5-1%)

Question 14

granulocytes

Answer 14

contain cytoplasmic granules
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 15

agranulocytes

Answer 15

lack cytoplasmic granules
monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 16

neutrophils

Answer 16

granulocyte
most numerous leukocyte at 50-70%
phagocytize and destroy bacteria
nucleus has 2 to 6 lobes

Question 17

eosinophils

Answer 17

granulocyte
rare leukocyte at 1-4%
bilobed nucleus
red cytoplasmic granules
play roles in human defense response to: allergic reactions, parasitic infection

Question 18

basophils

Answer 18

granulocyte
rare leukocyte at 0.5-1%
usually bilobed nucleus
cytoplasmic granules secrete histamines
functions in inflammation mediation (similar to mast cells)

Question 19

monocytes

Answer 19

agranulocyte
3-8% of leukocytes
nucleus is kidney-shaped
transform into phagocytic macrophages

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

second most common 20-45%
most important cells of the immune system
large spherical nucleus which stains purple
effective in fighting infectious organisms
act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
T cells and B cells

Question 21

T cells and B cells

Answer 21

T cells attack foreign cells directly

B cells multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Question 22

platelets

Answer 22

cell fragments which break off from megakaryocytes
function in clotting of blood

Question 23

hematopoiesis

Answer 23

process by which blood cells are formed in bone marrow

Question 24

sites of red marrow where blood is formed

Answer 24

between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
pelvic girdle made of two hip bones
proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 25

yellow marrow

Answer 25

contains many adipose cells
located in long bones of adults
mostly dormant

Question 26

all blood cells originate from one cell type

Answer 26

blood stem cell
multipotent hematopoietic stem cell
lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

Question 27

lymphoid stem cells

Answer 27

give rise to lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

Question 28

myeloid stem cells

Answer 28

give rise to all other blood cells

1) proerythroblasts - erythrocytes
2) myeloblasts - granulocytes
3) monoblasts - monocytes
4) megakaryoblasts - platelets

Question 29

_____ give rise to granulocytes

Answer 29

myeloblasts

Question 30

genesis of erythrocytes

Answer 30

committed cells are prerythroblasts
remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1-2 days in blood circulation
life span of an erythrocyte is 100-120 days

Question 31

formation of leukocytes

Answer 31

myeloblasts form granulocytes

monoblasts form monocytes

Question 32

thrombocytopenia

Answer 32

abnormally low platelet concentration

Question 33

polycythenia

Answer 33

abnormally high level of erythrocytes

Question 34

anemia

Answer 34

abnormally low erythrocyte levels (hematocrit) or low hemoglobin concentrations

Question 35

hematochromatosis

Answer 35

inherited disorder with abnormal excess of iron

Question 36

leukemia

Answer 36

form of cancer with 2 main types

1. abnormal lymphoblastic cells
2. abnormal myeloblastic cells

Question 37

the blood throughout life

Answer 37

3rd week of gestation: first blood cells are formed by blood islands of yolk sac
late in 2nd month gestation: liver and spleen take over blood formation
7th month gestation: bone marrow as major organ of hematopoiesis