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Anatomy > CNS Spine, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon > Flashcards

CNS Spine, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord functions

A
  • spinal nerves attach to spinal cord and are involved with sensory and motor innervation of body below the head
  • provides two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain
  • major center for reflexes
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2
Q

spinal cord location

A

runs through the vertebral canal of the vertebral column extending along successive vertebral foramina
extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the level of L3 in infants and L1 or L2 in children and adults

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3
Q

parts of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris: inferior end of the spinal cord tapers into the conus medullaris
filum terminale: long filament of connective tissue extending from the conus medullaris down to the coccyx inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord in place
cauda equina: collection of spinal nerve roots in inferior/caudal end of vertebral canal
cervical and lumbar enlargements: where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise

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4
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior end of the spinal cord tapers into the conus medullaris

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5
Q

filum terminale

A

long filament of connective tissue extending from the conus medullaris down to the coccyx inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord in place

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6
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerve roots in inferior/caudal end of vertebral canal

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7
Q

cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise

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8
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) attach to the spinal cord through dorsal and ventral nerve roots
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacral, 1 coccygeal
pass through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae, intervertebral foramina of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, pass through lumbar foramen in sacrum

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9
Q

spinal cord segments

A

vertebral location where spinal nerve fibers emerge from the spinal cord

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10
Q

spinal cord deep grooves

A

spinal cord is wider laterally than anterioposteriorly
two deep grooves run the length of the cord and partly divide it into the right and left halves
1) dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
2) wider ventral (anterior) median fissure

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11
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

outer region of the spinal cord
composed of mainly myelinated axons (fibers) as well as unmyelinated axons, which allows communication within the spinal cord between spinal cord and brain

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12
Q

white matter funiculi

A

the white matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into funiculi (“long ropes”)
dorsal (posterior) funiculus
ventral (anterior) funiculus
lateral funiculus

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13
Q

fiber classification in white matter of spinal cord

A

ascending fibers: most carry sensory information from sensory neurons up to the brain
descending fibers: most carry motor information from the brain to spinal cord to stimulate muscle contraction or gland secretion
commissural fibers: fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to another
commissure: bundle of axons that crosses from one side of the CNS to another

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14
Q

types of fibers in white matter of the spinal cord

A

ascending fibers
descending fibers
commissural fibrers
commissure

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15
Q

ascending fibers

A

most carry sensory information from sensory neurons up to the brain

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16
Q

descending fibers

A

most carry motor information from the brain to spinal cord to stimulate muscle contraction or gland secretion

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17
Q

commissural fibers

A

fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to another

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18
Q

commissure

A

bundle of axons that crosses from one side of the CNS to another

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19
Q

gray matter of the spinal cord

A

gray matter transverse section shaped like the letter “H” or a butterfly
gray commissure (cross bar of the H) - composed of unmyelinated axons and contains the narrow central cavity (central canal)
dorsal horns (posterior of H)
ventral horns (anterior of H)
lateral horns: small lateral columns in the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord

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20
Q

dorsal root ganglia (gray matter in spinal cords)

A

sensory neuron cell bodies lie outside the spinal cord

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21
Q

dorsal roots (gray matter in spinal cords)

A

sensory neuron axons reach the spinal cord via dorsal roots

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22
Q

dorsal horn interneurons (gray matter in spinal cords)

A

receive information from sensory neurons

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23
Q

ventral and lateral horns of gray matter in spinal cords

A

contain cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons
motor neurons send their axons out of the spinal cord via the ventral roots to supply muscles and glands
ventral horns are the largest in the cervical and lumbar segments of the cord, which innervate upper and lower limbs

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24
Q

why are ventral horns largest in the cervical and lumbar segments of the cord?

A

they innervate the upper and lower limbs

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25
Q

paresthesia

A

damage to the dorsal horn or sensory neuron cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia can lead to paresthesia
loss of sensory function

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26
Q

paralysis

A

damage to the ventral horn or ventral motor roots destroys the motor neurons and causes paralysis of skeletal muscles served

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27
Q

protection of the spinal cord

A

vertebrae
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

meninges

A

three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the brain and spinal cord
cover and protect CNS
enclose and protect blood vessels that supply CNS
contain cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

meninges: external to internal

A 
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater
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30
Q

epidural space

A

fat-rich cushioning space just external to the dura mater

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31
Q

subdural space

A

thin fluid-filled space in between dura mater and arachnoid mater

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32
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with cerebral spinal fluid and large blood vessels that supply the neural space
space is spanned by web-like threads that anchor the arachnoid mater to the pia mater

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33
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges
clings tightly to the surface of the spinal cord
delicate layer of connective tissue is richly vascularized with small blood vessels
extends to the coccyx covering the filum terminale
denticulate ligaments: lateral extensions of pia mater anchor the spinal cord laterally to the arachnoid and dura mater throughout the length of the cord

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34
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

lateral extensions of pia mater

anchor the spinal cord laterally to the arachnoid and dura mater throughout the length of the cord

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35
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

watery fluid that fills the subarachnoid space and hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord
provides a liquid cushion and buoyancy for the spinal cord and brain
nourishes brain and spinal cord
removes wastes produced by neurons
carries chemical signals between parts of the CNS

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36
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • provides liquid cushion and buoyancy for spinal cord and brain
  • nourishes brain and spinal cord
  • removes waste produced by neurons
  • carries chemical signals between parts of the CNS
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37
Q

lumbar puncture/spinal tap

A

because the adult spinal cord ends the level of vertebrae L1-L2, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) needs to be done below this site
a needle is inserted between L4 and L5 into the subarachnoid space to obtain CSF or inject medicine

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38
Q

protection of the brain

A

skull
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
blood-brain barrier

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39
Q

function of meninges

A

cover and protect the CNS
enclose and project the vessels that supply the CNS
contain the cerebrospinal fluid between pia and arachnoid maters

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40
Q

two layered dura mater

A

strongest part of meninges
two layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue layer
periosteal layer (=periosteum) is the outer layer that attaches to the internal surface of the skull bones
meningeal layer is deepest layer that forms external covering of the brain and is continuous with dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord

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41
Q

periosteal layer

A

outer layer of dura mater

attaches to the internal surface of the skull bones

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42
Q

meningeal layer

A

deepest layer of dura mater

forms external covering of the brain and is continuous with dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord

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43
Q

dura sinuses

A

two layers of dura mater are fused except where they separate to enclose the blood-filled dural sinuses
collect blood and CSF from the brain and conduct it to the internal jugular veins of the neck

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44
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

largest dural sinus

positioned in the superior midline

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45
Q

dura mater

A

extends inward to form flat partitions to subdivide the cranial cavity and stabilize the brain
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

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46
Q

falx cerebri

A

large sickle shaped vertical sheet in the median plane in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres
attaches anteriorly to crista galli of ethmoid bone

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47
Q

falx cerebelli

A

vertical partition extends inferiorly from posterior part of falx cerebri and runs along vermis of cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa

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48
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

this almost horizontal sheet lies in the transverse fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum
encloses transverse sinus

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49
Q

arachnoid villi

A

arachnoid granulations

  • knoblike projections formed by arachnoid mater
  • project through the dura mater over the superior part of the brain into superior sagittal sinus and dural sinuses
  • villi act as valves that allow CSF to pass from subarachnoid space into dural blood sinuses
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50
Q

function of arachnoid villi

A

act as valves that allow CSF to pass from subarachnoid space into dural blood sinuses

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51
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meningeal tissues from infection

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52
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain or spinal cord from infection

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53
Q

the brain

A

average adult brain weighs 1500 grams
performs the most complex neural functions: intelligence, conscientiousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, cranial nerves involved in innervation of the head
brain also controls and maintains: autonomic nervous system, endocrine system

54
Q

functions performed by the brain

A 
intelligence
conscientiousness
memory
sensory-motor integration
cranial nerves are involved in innervation of the head
autonomic nervous system
endocrine system
55
Q

embryonic development of the brain: week 4

A

brain arises from the rostral part of the neural tube int he 4th week of development
caudal portion of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord
three primary brain vesicles emerge in 4-week-old embryo: prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

56
Q

embryonic brain development: week 5

A

secondary brain vesicles:
prosencephalon splits into telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon stays the same
rhombencephalon splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon

57
Q

secondary brain vesicles develop into brain structures

A

telencephalon–> the cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon–> thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
mesencephalon–> midbrain
metencephalon–> pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon–> medulla oblongata

58
Q

telencephalon develops into

A

cerebral hemispheres

59
Q

diencephalon develops into

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

60
Q

mesencephalon develops into

A

midbrain

61
Q

metencephalon develops into

A

pons and cerebellum

62
Q

myelencephalon develops into

A

medulla oblongata

63
Q

cortex

A

additional layer of gray matter that is external to white matter

64
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

expansions of the brain’s central cavity
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
lined with ependymal cells (neuroglial cell of the CNS)
continuous with each other and with the central canal of the spinal cord
paired lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

65
Q

vesicles and ventricles of the brain

A

telencephalon: lateral ventricles
diencephalon: 3rd ventricle
mesencephalon: cerebral aqueduct
metencephalon/myencephalon: 4th ventricle

66
Q

paired lateral ventricles

A

located in cerebral hemispheres
horseshoe-shaped from bending of the cerebral hemispheres
each ventricle has anterior horn, posterior horn, inferior horn
anterior horn of each lateral ventricle is separated by a septum pellucidum

67
Q

septum pellucidum

A

separates the anterior horn of each lateral ventricle

68
Q

3rd ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

A

third ventricle lies in diencephalon
anteriorly, the third ventricle is connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramina
cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

69
Q

4th ventricle

A

lies in hindbrain brainstem dorsal to pons and superior (rostral) half of the medulla oblongata
three openings in the walls of the 4th ventricle: paired lateral apertures in the side walls and median aperture in the roof

70
Q

openings in the 4th ventricle

A

paired lateral apertures in the side walls
median aperture in the roof
aperture holes connect the ventricles with the subarachnoid space so that CSF can fill both the ventricles and subarachnoid space

71
Q

choroid plexuses

A

capillary rich membranes located in the roofs of the 4th ventricle, 3rd ventricle, and lateral ventricles
where CSF is formed
consists of: knot of porous capillaries surrounded by a single layer of ependymal cells joined by tight junctions and bearing long cilia

72
Q

choroid plexuses consist of:

A

knot of porous capillaries surrounded by a single layer of ependymal cells joined by tight junctions and bearing long cilia

73
Q

components in CSF formed by choroid plexuses

A

glucose
oxygen
vitamins
ions eg. Na, Cl, Mg

74
Q

CSF movement

A
  1. CSF is produced from blood plasma by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
  2. CSF enters ventricles
  3. most CSF enters subarachnoid space through the lateral and median apertures in walls of 4th ventricle, some CSF enters the central canal of spinal cord
  4. CSF flows through subarachnoid space and bathes outer surfaces of brain and spinal cord
  5. CSF passes through the arachnoid villi and is absorbed into the blood through the venous dural sinuses
75
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excessive accumulation of CSF in ventricles and/or the subarachnoid space

76
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

rich supply of capillaries provides nutrients to the brain
some blood borne molecules can cross other capillaries, but cannot cross the brain capillaries
tight junctions join the endothelial cells in the brain capillaries making them the least permeable capillaries in the body

77
Q

functions of blood-brain barrier

A

prevents some blood-borne toxins (eg urea, bacterial toxins) and some drugs from entering the brain
vital nutrients such as oxygen and glucose pass through easily
some fat soluble molecules eg alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics pass through

78
Q

brain stem functions

A

passageway for all fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord
heavily involved with the innervation of the face and head
9 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brainstem
generates automatic behaviors necessary for survival

79
Q

the brain stem: medulla oblongata

A

conical shaped
continuous with the spinal cord at level of foramen magnum of the skull
most caudal level of the brainstem
part of 4th ventricle lies dorsal to rostral half of medulla

80
Q

medulla oblongata: pyramids

A

two longitudinal ridges which lie on ventral surface
formed by pyramidal tracts, which carry voluntary motor output from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
decussation of pyramids

81
Q

decussation of pyramids

A

in the caudal part of the medulla, most of the pyramidal motor fibers cross over the opposite side of the brain to enable each cerebral hemisphere to control the voluntary movements of the opposite sides of the body

82
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

large wavy fold of gray matter
relay station for sensory information traveling to cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle, especially for proprioceptive information ascending from the spinal cord

83
Q

reticular formation

A

loose cluster of brain nuclei that run through the core of the brainstem
stimulate cerebral alertness and regulates muscles
reticular formation form three columns that extend the length of the brainstem
1) midline raphe nuclei
2) median nuclear group
3) lateral nuclear group

84
Q

visceral motor nuclei

A

part of reticular formation in medulla
cardiac center regulates force and rate of heart beat
vasomotor center regulates blood pressure
respiratory center regulates breathing
centers for hiccuping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing

85
Q

the pons

A
  • a bulge in the brainstem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
  • forms a ventral bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum
  • dorsally it is separated from the cerebellum by the 4th ventricle
86
Q

medial lemniscus

A

has ascending sensory tracks and is ventral to the reticular formation

87
Q

pontine nuclei

A

relay brain nuclei in a path that connects a portion of the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum which contributes to coordination of voluntary movements

88
Q

pons: gray and white matter

A

gray matter: cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, VII
pontine nuclei
reticular formation nuclei
white matter: pyramidal descending motor tracts
medial lemniscus ascending sensory tracts
middle cerebellar peduncles with tract from cerebrum to cerebellum

89
Q

the brain stem: the midbrain

A

most rostral region of brainstem, lies between pons and diencephalon
central cavity of the midbrain: cerebral aqueduct
reticular formation
medial lemniscus with ascending sensory tract
pyramidal descending motor tract (crus cerebri)
tectum is dorsal midbrain

90
Q

the brain stem: the midbrain (dorsal and ventral)

A

ventral surface: cerebral peduncles contain pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
ventral part of each peduncle is called the crus cerebri
dorsally, a pair of superior cerebellar peduncles carry instructions away from cerebellum to midbrain and up the to the cerebral cortex

91
Q

crus cerebri

A

ventral part of the cerebral peduncles

92
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
involved in sympathetic (fright-flight) reaction
midbrain link between part of brain that perceives fear and autonomic pathway that triggers the sympathetic reaction
mediates response to visceral pain

93
Q

what part of the midbrain mediates response to visceral pain?

A

periaqueductal gray matter

94
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

dorsal midbrain
largest of brain nuclei that make up tectum (“roof”) of dorsal midbrain and from four bumps of the dorsal surface of the midbrain
inferior and superior colliculi

95
Q

superior colliculi

A

nuclei that act in visual reflexes

96
Q

inferior colliculi

A

nuclei that act in reflexive responses to sound

97
Q

brain nuclei in midbrain: substantia nigra

A

gray matter that is embedded into midbrain white matter
contain neuronal cell bodies with melanin in band-like distributions
positioned deep to pyramidal tracts of cerebral peduncle
functionally linked to the basal nuclei and deep gray matter of cerebrum
degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra contribute to Parkinson’s Disease

98
Q

brain nuclei in the midbrain: red nucleus

A

gray matter that is embedded in white brain matter
lies deep to the substantia nigra
reddish hue due to rich blood supply and presence of iron pigment in neuron cell bodies
associated with cerebellum

99
Q

the cerebellum

A

smoothes and coordinates body movements directed by other brain regions
helps maintain posture and equilibrium
consists of two hemispheres connected by vermis
surface folded into ridges called folia

100
Q

cerebellar cortex is ____ matter

A

gray

101
Q

each cerebellar hemisphere is subdivided into:

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)

102
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

vestibulocerebellum
on anteroinferior surface of cerebellum
two flocculi are connected to the midline structure called the nodulus by thin pedicles
important connections to the vestibular nuclei in the medulla

103
Q

three regions of cerebellar hemispheres

A
  1. cortex - outer gray matter
  2. arbor vitae - internal white matter
  3. deep cerebellar nuclei - deeply situated gray matter
104
Q

cortex

A

outer gray matter which is a neuron rich calculator that smooths out body movements

105
Q

arbor vitae

A

internal white matter rich in axons which carry information to and from the cortex

106
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

deeply situated gray matter gives rise to axons that relay the instructions from the cerebellar cortex to other parts of the brain

107
Q

to coordinate body movements, the cerebellar cortex receives three types of information

A
  1. information on equilibrium - relayed from receptors in the inner ear through the vestibular nuclei (CN VIII)
  2. information on current movements of the limb and trunk - travels from proprioceptors up the spinal cord through the olivary nuclei to anterior/posterior lobes
  3. information from the cerebral cortex - moves through pontine nuclei in the pons to the lateral portions of anterior and posterior lobes
108
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

three thick tracts of nerve fibers connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

109
Q

coordinating movement by the cerebellum

A
  1. the cerebellum receives information on movement from the motor cortex of the cerebrum, the inner ear vestibular apparatus, as well as from the trunk and extremities
  2. the cerebellum gauges intended movement with body position
  3. the cerebellum sends instructions back to the cerebral cortex to continuously coordinate, adjust and fine tune motor commands it sends to the spinal cord
110
Q

higher cognitive functions of the cerebellum

A

refines movements when learning a new motor skill and establishing a motor memory
participates in cognition of language, problem-solving, task planning

111
Q

damage to floccundonodular lobe

A

leads to disorders in equilibrium related to vestibular nuclei and inner nuclei of the brain

112
Q

damage to anterior/poster lobes of cerebellum

A

leads to disorders in coordination

113
Q

coordination

A

ability to move different parts of the body smoothly and efficiently

114
Q

ataxia

A

an inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements that is symptomatic of some central nervous system disorders and injuries and not due to muscle weakness

115
Q

alcohol effects on cerebellum

A
  • high enough levels of alcohol in the blood results in a reduction of coordinated movement and balance along with an ataxic gait
  • proposed that one of the main mechanisms through which alcohol affects the cerebellum is through triggering the release of neurotransmitter GABA from Golgi which creates an increase GABAergic inhibition of cerebellar granule cells
  • chronic alcohol consumption can cause cerebellar degeneration
116
Q

the diencephalon

A 
forms the center of the forebrain
surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
composed of: hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
border the third ventricle
primarily composed of gray matter
117
Q

thalamus of the diencephalon

A

paired structure that makes up 80% of the diencephalon
encloses much of 3rd ventricle
forms superolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
contains approximately a dozen major brain nuclei, each of which sends axons to regions of the cerebral brain cortex (act as relay stations)
thalamus is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex

118
Q

nuclei of the thalamus

A

act as relay stations for sensory information
ventral posterolateral nuclei - relay station for sensory information ascending to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral artex
medial geniculate body - receives auditory input
lateral geniculate body - receives visual input

119
Q

ventral posterolateral nuclei

A

nuclei of the thalamus

relay station for sensory information ascending to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

120
Q

medial geniculate body

A

receives auditory input

121
Q

lateral geniculate body

A

receives visual input

122
Q

hypothalamus of the diencephalon

A

forms inferolateral walls of 3rd ventricle (inferior to thalamus)
lies between the optic chasm and the posterior border of mammillary bodies
pituitary gland projects inferiorly
contains approximately a dozen brain nuclei
main visceral control center of the body

123
Q

hypothalamus contribution to regulation of sleep-wake cycles

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus - body’s biological clock, regulates timing of circadian rhythms in response to daylight-dark cycles sensed via the optic nerve
preoptic nucleus - responds to signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to induce sleep
other nuclei near mammillary body - mediate arousal from sleep

124
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

body’s biological clock

regulates timing of circadian rhythms in response to daylight-dark cycles sensed via the optic nerve

125
Q

preoptic nucleus

A

responds to signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to induce sleep

126
Q

mammillary bodies

A

located on undersurface of the brain (part of the diencephalon)
part of the limbic system
act as a relay of impulses coming from the amygdala and the hippocampus

127
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • control of the endocrine system
  • control of the autonomic nervous system
  • regulation of body temperature
  • regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
  • control of emotions: pleasure, sex drive, rage
  • control of motivational behavior
  • formation of memory
  • regulation of sleep-wake cycles
128
Q

hypothalamus: feeding-initiation and feeding-inhibition

A

feeding-initiation centers: lateral part of the hypothalamus

feeding-inhibition centers: ventromedial part of the hypothalamus

129
Q

epithalamus of the diencephalon

A

most dorsal part of diencephalon
forms part of the “roof” of 3rd ventricle
contains one tiny group of brain nuclei
contains the pineal gland (pineal body)

130
Q

pineal gland

A

influenced by the hypothalamus
secretes the hormone melatonin
contributes to control of circadian rhythms

Anatomy (22 decks)

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