Endocrine

Question 1

pure endocrine organs

Answer 1

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

Question 2

organs with endocrine and other functions

Answer 2

pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus

Question 3

pineal gland

Answer 3

synthesizes and secretes melatonin
located on the roof of the diencephalon
shaped like a pine cone

Question 4

hypothalamus

Answer 4

controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormones by secreting releasing hormones (prompt anterior pituitary to release) and inhibiting hormones (turn off secretion of anterior pituitary hormones)

Question 5

releasing hormones

Answer 5

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
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GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
TRH (thyrotropic releasing hormone)
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
MSHRH (melanophore stimulating hormone releasing hormone)

Question 6

inhibiting hormones

Answer 6

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
GnIH (gonadotropin inhibiting hormone)
PrIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
MSHRIH (melanophore stimulating hormone release-inhibiting hormone)

Question 7

the pituitary gland

Answer 7

2 divisions: adenohyophysis and neurohypophysis

attached to the hypothalamus

Question 8

adenohypophysis

Answer 8

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

3 divisions: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

Question 9

neurohyophysis

Answer 9

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2 divisions: pars nervosa, infundibulum
oxytocin and ADH

Question 10

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

specialized system of blood vessels which deliver releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 11

hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland (pars distalis)

Answer 11

1) tropic hormones - regulate another endocrine gland
ACTH - adrenocorticotropin hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
2) hormones that act directly on non-endocrine target tissues
GH - growth hormone
LPH - lipotropin
PRL - prolactin (stimulates milk production)
MSH - melanophore stimulating hormone
3) opioids (endorphins and enkephalins)

Question 12

the thyroid gland

Answer 12

largest pure endocrine gland
composed of follicles and areolar connective tissue
produces hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 13

thyroid hormone

Answer 13

secreted by follicular cells

dietary iodine is necessary for normal thyroid hormone production

Question 14

calcitonin

Answer 14

produced by parafollicular cells

decreases Ca2+ in the blood

Question 15

parathyroid glands

Answer 15

posterior to the thyroid glands
2 types of endocrine cells:
chief cells - produce parathyroid hormone
oxyphil cells - unknown function

Question 16

parathyroid hormone

Answer 16

increases blood Ca2+ levels

• stimulates osteoclasts to release more calcium from bone
• decreases excretion of calcium by kidneys
• activates vitamin D, which stimulates uptake of calcium by small intestine

Question 17

adrenal glands

Answer 17

pyramid-shaped glands located on the superior surface of each kidney
nerve supply includes sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla
adrenal hormones help one cope with danger, terror, or stress

Question 18

adrenal medulla

Answer 18

cluster of neurons
derived from neuronal crest
part of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 19

adrenal cortex

Answer 19

bulk of the gland

derived from somatic mesoderm

Question 20

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Answer 20

modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons
secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
enhance “fight or flight” response

Question 21

3 layers (zones) of adrenal cortex

Answer 21

zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoid aldosterone (maintains blood pressure)
zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoid cortisol
zona reticularis - secretes cortisol and androgen DHEA

Question 22

response to short term stress

Answer 22

adrenal medulla releases catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
increased heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate
dilation of bronchioles
liver converts glycogen to glucose, increasing blood glucose
changes blood flow patterns leading to reduced digestive system activity and decreased urine output

Question 23

response to long term stress

Answer 23

hypothalamus secretes CRH –> adenohypophysis releases ACTH –> adrenal cortex secretes:
mineralocorticoids (retention of Na2+ and H2O by kidneys), increased blood volume, increased blood pressure
glucocorticoids (proteins and fats broken down to increase blood glucose, suppression of immune system)

Question 24

the pancreas

Answer 24

contains exocrine and endocrine cells

exocrine: acinar cells (secrete digestive enzymes)
endocrine: islets of Langerhans

Question 25

pancreatic endocrine cells

Answer 25

alpha cells - secrete glucagon, increases blood glucose beta cells - secrete insulin, decreases blood glucose delta cells - secrete somatostatin, inhibits insulin and glucagon

Question 26

the thymus

Answer 26

located in the lower neck and anterior thorax important immune organ site where T-lymphocyte cells mature

Question 27

male testes

Answer 27

produce androgens (primarily testosterone) which promote sperm production and maintain secondary sex characteristics

Question 28

female ovaries

Answer 28

estrogen: maintains secondary sex characteristics progesterone: prepares uterus for pregnancy

Question 29

gonadal glycoprotein hormones

Answer 29

influence gonadotropin secretion inhibin: reduces production of FSH activin: increases production of FSH follistatin: binds to activin and blocks it, indirectly inhibits FSH

Question 30

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 30

renin increases blood pressure signals adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone --> increases blood sodium levels --> increases blood pressure

Question 31

endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries

Answer 31

secretes erythropoietin | stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Question 32

heart atria

Answer 32

contain atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | stimulates kidney to secrete salt into urine, decreases blood sodium concentration and blood pressure