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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

pure endocrine organs

A

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

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2
Q

organs with endocrine and other functions

A

pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus

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3
Q

pineal gland

A

synthesizes and secretes melatonin
located on the roof of the diencephalon
shaped like a pine cone

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormones by secreting releasing hormones (prompt anterior pituitary to release) and inhibiting hormones (turn off secretion of anterior pituitary hormones)

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5
Q

releasing hormones

A 
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
give pink cats treats get money
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
TRH (thyrotropic releasing hormone)
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
MSHRH (melanophore stimulating hormone releasing hormone)
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6
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
GnIH (gonadotropin inhibiting hormone)
PrIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
MSHRIH (melanophore stimulating hormone release-inhibiting hormone)

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7
Q

the pituitary gland

A

2 divisions: adenohyophysis and neurohypophysis

attached to the hypothalamus

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8
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

3 divisions: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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9
Q

neurohyophysis

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
2 divisions: pars nervosa, infundibulum
oxytocin and ADH

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10
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

specialized system of blood vessels which deliver releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland (pars distalis)

A

1) tropic hormones - regulate another endocrine gland
ACTH - adrenocorticotropin hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
2) hormones that act directly on non-endocrine target tissues
GH - growth hormone
LPH - lipotropin
PRL - prolactin (stimulates milk production)
MSH - melanophore stimulating hormone
3) opioids (endorphins and enkephalins)

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12
Q

the thyroid gland

A

largest pure endocrine gland
composed of follicles and areolar connective tissue
produces hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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13
Q

thyroid hormone

A

secreted by follicular cells

dietary iodine is necessary for normal thyroid hormone production

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells

decreases Ca2+ in the blood

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15
Q

parathyroid glands

A

posterior to the thyroid glands
2 types of endocrine cells:
chief cells - produce parathyroid hormone
oxyphil cells - unknown function

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16
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood Ca2+ levels

  • stimulates osteoclasts to release more calcium from bone
  • decreases excretion of calcium by kidneys
  • activates vitamin D, which stimulates uptake of calcium by small intestine
17
Q

adrenal glands

A

pyramid-shaped glands located on the superior surface of each kidney
nerve supply includes sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla
adrenal hormones help one cope with danger, terror, or stress

18
Q

adrenal medulla

A

cluster of neurons
derived from neuronal crest
part of the sympathetic nervous system

19
Q

adrenal cortex

A

bulk of the gland

derived from somatic mesoderm

20
Q

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

A

modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons
secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
enhance “fight or flight” response

21
Q

3 layers (zones) of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoid aldosterone (maintains blood pressure)
zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoid cortisol
zona reticularis - secretes cortisol and androgen DHEA

22
Q

response to short term stress

A

adrenal medulla releases catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
increased heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate
dilation of bronchioles
liver converts glycogen to glucose, increasing blood glucose
changes blood flow patterns leading to reduced digestive system activity and decreased urine output

23
Q

response to long term stress

A

hypothalamus secretes CRH –> adenohypophysis releases ACTH –> adrenal cortex secretes:
mineralocorticoids (retention of Na2+ and H2O by kidneys), increased blood volume, increased blood pressure
glucocorticoids (proteins and fats broken down to increase blood glucose, suppression of immune system)

24
Q

the pancreas

A

contains exocrine and endocrine cells

exocrine: acinar cells (secrete digestive enzymes)
endocrine: islets of Langerhans

25
Q

pancreatic endocrine cells

A

alpha cells - secrete glucagon, increases blood glucose
beta cells - secrete insulin, decreases blood glucose
delta cells - secrete somatostatin, inhibits insulin and glucagon

26
Q

the thymus

A

located in the lower neck and anterior thorax
important immune organ
site where T-lymphocyte cells mature

27
Q

male testes

A

produce androgens (primarily testosterone) which promote sperm production and maintain secondary sex characteristics

28
Q

female ovaries

A

estrogen: maintains secondary sex characteristics
progesterone: prepares uterus for pregnancy

29
Q

gonadal glycoprotein hormones

A

influence gonadotropin secretion

inhibin: reduces production of FSH
activin: increases production of FSH
follistatin: binds to activin and blocks it, indirectly inhibits FSH

30
Q

cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

renin
increases blood pressure
signals adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone –> increases blood sodium levels –> increases blood pressure

31
Q

endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries

A

secretes erythropoietin

stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

32
Q

heart atria

A

contain atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

stimulates kidney to secrete salt into urine, decreases blood sodium concentration and blood pressure

Anatomy (22 decks)

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