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Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

special sensory receptors

A

localized: confined to the head region
receptors are not free endings of sensory neurons
special receptor cells: neuron-like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons

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2
Q

taste

A

receptors are classified as chemoreceptors that respond to food dissolved in saliva fluids

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3
Q

the superior surface of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium
filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate papillae
sulcus terminalis: marks border between mouth and pharynx
lingual tonsil: covers posterior 1/3 of tongue that lies in oropharynx

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4
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

marks border between mouth and pharynx

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5
Q

lingual tonsil

A

covers posterior third of tongue that lies in oropharynx

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6
Q

filiform papillae on tongue

A

the most numerous papillae on the tongue
small and conical pointed in shape
line up in parallel rows which enable tongue to grasp and manipulate food
do NOT contain taste buds

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7
Q

taste buds

A

present on fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae
contain taste of receptors
two major cell types: gustatory epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells
long microvilli (gustatory hairs): project from gustatory epithelial cells and extend through a taste pore to the surface of the stratified squamous epithelium
cells in taste buds replaced in every 7-10 days

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8
Q

taste: two major cell types

A

gustatory epithelial cells

basal epithelial cells

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9
Q

long microvilli (gustatory hairs)

A

project from gustatory epithelial cells
extend through a taste pore to the surface of the stratified squamous epithelium
microvilli are bathed in saliva containing dissolved food molecules
triggers gustatory epithelial impulses in the sensory nerve fibers

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10
Q

gustatory pathway

A

taste information reaches the cerebral cortex primarily through the facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus nerve (CN X)

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11
Q

smell

A

olfactor

classified as chemoreceptors which responds to airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids of the nasal mucosa

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

3 main cell types

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13
Q

3 main cell types of olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory sensory neurons (bipolar)
supporting epithelial cells
basal epithelial cells

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14
Q

olfactory cilia

A

act as receptive sites for smell

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15
Q

mucus and olfaction

A

mucus captures and dissolves odor molecules

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16
Q

smell: cell body to brain

A

passes through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
enters into olfactory bulbs and synapses with mitral cells
1. limbic system
2. piriform lobe of cerebral cortex (primary olfactory cortex)

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17
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell

due to injury, colds, allergies, zinc deficiency

18
Q

uncinate fit

A

distortion of smells or olfactory hallucinations (phantosmia)
often result from irritation of olfactory pathways from brain surgery or head trauma
cacosmia = phantom bad smells

19
Q

accessory structures of the ey

A

eyebrows
eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
conjunctiva - transparent mucous membrane
lacrimal apparatus - keeps surface of the eye moist

20
Q

eyelid

A

lacrimal caruncle - reddish elevation at medial canthus
tarsal plates - connective tissue within the eyelids
tarsal glands - modified sebaceous glands

21
Q

types of tears

A

continuous (basal) tears - produced for basic eye function, such as lubrication
reflex (irritant) tears - occur when the eye is exposed to excessive light, wind, cold, foreign body, gas
psychogenic tears - shed for emotional reasons

22
Q

extraocular eye muscles

A

lateral rectus: CN VI (abducens), moves eye medially
medial rectus: CN III (oculomotor), moves eye medially
superior rectus: CN III, elevates eye and turns it medially
inferior rectus: CN III, depresses eye and turns it medially
inferior oblique: CN III, elevates eye and turns it laterally
superior oblique: CN IV (trochlear), depresses eye and turns it laterally

23
Q

posterior segment of the eye

A 
filled with vitreous humor
clear, jelly-like substance
transmits light into the eye
supports the posterior surface of the lens
helps maintain intraocular pressure
24
Q

anterior segment of the eye

A

anterior and posterior chambers separated by the iris
aqueous humor -
formed from a filtrate of the capillaries in the ciliary process
reabsorbed into the venous blood by scleral venous sinus
provides nutrients to lens and cornea

25
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure in the anterior segment of the eye
occurs when aqueous humor drains more slowly than it forms
causes compression of the retina and optic nerve (blindness)

26
Q

the lens

A

thick, transparent, biconvex disc held in place by its ciliary zonule
lens epithelium covers anterior surface of the lens

27
Q

3 layers of the wall of the eye

A 
fibrous layers (sclera and cornea)
vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, and iris)
sensory layer (pigmented layer, neural layer)
28
Q

cornea

A

thick layer of dense collagen-rich connective tissue
endothelium (inner layer)
cornea is avascular, but gets O2 from air in front and nutrients from aqueous humor behind
richly supplied with nerve endings, most of which are pain receptors

29
Q

choroid

A

vascular
darkly pigmented membrane - brown color from melanocytes
prevents scattering of light rays within the eye
choroid corresponds to the arachnoid and pia maters

30
Q

ciliary body

A

thickened ring of tissue, which encircles the lens

ciliary body consists chiefly of smooth muscle called the ciliary muscle which acts to focus the lens

31
Q

the iris

A

attached to the ciliary body and positioned anterior to the ciliary body
composed of smooth muscle
pupil is the round, central opening

32
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones have an inner and outer segment
outer segments are receptor regions that contain light absorbing pigments
light particles modify the visual pigment and generate a nerve impulse

33
Q

visual pathways that branch to the hypothalamus

A

branch to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus which processes visual input to help synchronize daily biorhythms with the daylight-darkness cycle

34
Q

visual pathways that branch to the midbrain

A

superior colliculi: control extrinsic eye muscles and visual reflexes
pretectal nuclei: mediate pupillary eye reflexes (subcortical visual system)

35
Q

the outer ear

A 
the auricle (pinna): helps direct sounds
external ear/auditory canal: lined with skin, hairs, sebaceous glands
tympanic membrane: forms the boundary between external and middle ear
36
Q

the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity
small, air-filled space
located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

37
Q

the inner ear: bony labyrinth

A

semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

filled with perilymph

38
Q

the inner ear: membranous labyrinth

A

semicircular ducts, utricle/saccule, cochlear duct

filled with clear fluid endolymph

39
Q

the cochlea

A

spiraling chamber in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
from its attachment on the vestibule it coils around a pillar of bone - the modiolus
osseous spiral lamina - a spiral of bone in the modiolus
cochlear nerve - runs through the core of modiolus

40
Q

spiral organ of Corti

A

stereocilia are embedded in the gel-like tectorial membrane which does not move
basilar membrane vibrations cause stereocilia to move

Anatomy (22 decks)

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