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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

the skeleton

A 
consists of:
bones
joints
cartilage
ligaments
axial and appendicular skeleton = 206
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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

formed from 80 named bones

consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax\

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3
Q

the skull

A

body’s most complex bony structure

8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

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4
Q

8 cranial bones

A

frontal, occipital, parietal (2), temporal (2), ethmoid, sphenoid

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5
Q

14 facial bones

A

mandible, vomer, inferior nasal conchae (2), lacrimal (2), maxilla (2), nasal (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2)

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6
Q

cranial fossae

A

internally prominent bony ridges divide skull into distinct fossae
anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of cerebrum
middle cranial fossa: temporal lobe of cerebrum
posterior cranial fossa: cerebllum

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7
Q

small cavities of skull

A

middle and inner ear cavities in lateral aspect of cranial base
nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the nose
orbits house the eyeballs
air-filled sinuses occur in several bones around the nasal cavity

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8
Q

parietal bones: associated sutures

A

coronal suture - parietal bones meet frontal bone
sagittal suture - right and left parietal bones meet
squamous suture - parietal bones meet temporal bones
lambdoid suture - parietal bones meet occipital bone

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9
Q

sutural bones

A

small bones that occur within sutures
irregular in shape, size, and location
not all people have sutural bones

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10
Q

frontal bone

A

forms the forehead and roofs of orbits
supraorbital margin - superior margin of orbits
glabella - smooth part of frontal bone between superciliary (eyebrow) arches
squamous part of frontal bone - makes up forehead
frontal sinuses
contributes to anterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the posterior part of the skull
articulates with the temporal bone and the parietal bones
forms the posterior cranial fossa
superior and inferior nuchal lines
foramen magnum located at its base
hypoglossal canal through which nerve runs
occipital condyles

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12
Q

temporal bones

A

lie inferior to parietal bones
contributes to the middle and posterior cranial fossae
form the inferolateral portion of the skull

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13
Q

regions of temporal bones

A

squamous region - flat area of bone which contains bar-like zygomatic processes
zygomatic process projects anteriorly to meet zygomatic bone of face and contributions of these two bones to make up the zygomatic arch
mandibular fossa
tympanic region - surrounds the external acoustic meatus
styloid process - extends down from inferior temporal bone and is muscle attachment site
mastoid region - site for neck muscle attachment, contains air sinuses
petrous region - projects medially, contributes to cranial base, houses cavities of middle and external ear

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14
Q

foramina of temporal bone

A 
internal and external acoustic meatus
jugular foramen (at boundary with occipital bone)
carotid canal
foramen lacerum (at boundary with sphenoid bone and occipital bone)
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15
Q

sphenoid bone

A

spans width of cranial floor
resembles a butterfly or bat
“keystone” of the cranium and forms a central widge that articles with multiple other cranial bones

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16
Q

body of the sphenoid bone

A

superior part of the body bears stella turcica (saddle-shaped prominence)
seat of stella turcica contains the hypophyseal fossa, which holds the pituitary gland

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17
Q

sphenoid bone openings

A

superior orbital fissure - long slit between greater and lesser wings
optic canal - lies just anterior to stella turcica
foramen rotundum - in medial part of greater wing
foramen ovale - posterolateral to foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum - posterolateral to foramen ovale
foramen lacerum - at boundary of temporal and occipital bone

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18
Q

ethmoid bone

A

lies between nasal and sphenoid bones

forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits

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19
Q

parts of the ethmoid bone

A

crista galli - attachment site for falx cerebi, large vertical sheet of connective tissue that lies in between cerebral hemispheres
cribriform plate - superior surface of the ethmoid bone, contains olfactory foramina
perpendicular plate - forms superior part of nasal septum
lateral masses - contain air
inferior/middle nasal conchae - extend medially from lateral masses

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20
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone
largest and strongest facial bone
composed of two parts: horizontal body, two upright rami

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21
Q

maxillary bones

A

articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
are the “keystone” bones of the face
contain maxillary sinuses - largest paranasal sinuses
forms part of the inferior orbital fissure
forms part of the hard palate

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22
Q

7 bones that make up orbit walls

A

lacrimal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, palatine, frontal

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23
Q

roof of orbit

A

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

orbital plate of frontal bone

24
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

zygomatic process of frontal bone
greater wing of sphenoid bone
orbital surface of zygomatic bone

25
Q

floor of orbit

A

orbital process of palatine bone
orbital surface of maxillary bone
zygomatic bone

26
Q

medial wall

A

sphenoid bone
orbital plate of ethmoid bone
frontal process of maxilla
lacrimal bone

27
Q

hyoid bone

A

associated with skull but not directly in contact with any other bone
lies inferior to mandible in the anterior neck
only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
acts as a movable base for the tongue

28
Q

vertebral column

A

formed from 26 bones in the adult (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
transmits weight of the trunk to lower limbs
surrounds and products the spinal cord
serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back

29
Q

curvatures of the vertebral column

A

thoracic and sacral - primary curvatures, present and well-developed at birth, convex posteriorly
cervical and lumbar - secondary curvatures, develop fully after birth, concave posteriorly

30
Q

ligaments of the spine

A

anterior longitudinal ligaments - wide and attach strongly to both bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs, prevents hyperextension of back
posterior longitudinal ligaments - narrow, relatively weak, and attaches only to intervertebral discs and prevents hyperflexion of back
ligamentum flavum - contains elastic connective tissue and connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

31
Q

anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

wide
attach strongly to both bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs
prevent hyperextension of back

32
Q

posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

narrow, relatively weak
attach only to intervertebral discs
prevent hyperflexion of back

33
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

contains elastic CT

connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

34
Q

intervertebral discs

A

cushion-like pads between vertebrae
nucleus pulposus - gelatinous inner sphere
annulus fibrosus

35
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous inner sphere

absorbs compressive stresses

36
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

outer rings formed of ligament
inner rings formed of fibrocartilage
these rings function to contain the nucleus pulposus

37
Q

common structures of vertebrae

A 
body
vertebral arch
vertebral foramen
transverse processes
spinous process
intervertebral foramena: two apertures between every pair of vertebrae that allow for passage of spinal nerve root, dorsal nerve ganglion
38
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7
lightest vertebrae in the spine
atlas and axis

39
Q

the atlas

A

C1
lacks a body or spinous process
supports the skull: superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
allows for extension and flexion of the neck (enables us to nod)

40
Q

the axis

A

has a body and a spinous process

dens: knoblike structure which projects superiorly from body of axis, cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas

41
Q

dens

A

knoblike structure which projects superiorly from body of axis
acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and skull
participates in rotating the head from side to side

42
Q

cervical vertebrae C3-C7

A

body: small wide and laterally (side to side)
spinous process: short and bifid (except C3) and projects posteriorly
vertebral foramen: triangular and large
transverse processes: contain foramina

43
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

all articulate with ribs
body: larger than cervical bodies and heart-shaped from superior view
spinous processes are long and point inferiorly
vertebral foramen are circular

44
Q

the thoracic cage

A 
forms the framework of the chest
components: thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum and costal hyaline cartilage anteriorly
protects thoracic organs
supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
provides attachment sites for muscles
45
Q

sternum

A

3 sections:
manubrium - superior section: articulates with medial end of clavicles and rib 1
body - bulk of sternum: sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
xiphoid process - inferior end of sternum: ossifies around age 40

46
Q

sternum: anatomical marks

A

jugular notch - central indentation at superior border of the manubrium
sternal angle - horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum
xiphisternal joint - where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra

47
Q

ribs

A

pairs 1-7 vertebrosternal ribs - superior 7 ribs that attach to sternum via costal cartilage
pairs 8-10 vertebrochondral ribs - pairs of ribs that attach to the sternum indirectly
ribs 11-12 floating ribs - not attached to the sternum

48
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A 
L1-L5
bodies are thick and robust
transverse processes are thin and tapered, nearly perpendicular to spinous process
vertebral foramina are triangular
allows flexion and extension
rotation is prevented
49
Q

sacrum

A 
S1-S5
shapes the posterior wall of pelvis
formed form 5 fused vertebrae
superior surface articulates with L5
inferiorly articulates with coccyx
50
Q

sacrum: anterior view

A

sacral promontory - where the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebrae bulges into the pelvic cavity
four transverse ridges - cross the anterior surface of the sternum, marking the lines of fusion of sacral vertebrae
sacral foramina - sacral spinal nerves pass through

51
Q

human body’s center of gravity

A

1 cm posterior to sacral promontory

52
Q

sacrum: posterior view

A

facets of superior articular processes
median sacral crest - bumpy midline of the posterior surface, represents the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
sacral foramina - lateral to the median sacral crest
ala - “wing”, superior lateral part of the sacrum

53
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone
formed from 4 fused vertebrae
offers only slight support to pelvic organs
long filament of connective tissue (filum terminale) attaches to coccyx which helps anchor spinal cord in place

54
Q

fontanelles

A

unossified remnants of membranes present at birth
anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal
allows skull to be safely compressed and molded as baby passes through birth canal
visible arterial pulse can be seen which looks like a “fountain”
tend to be replaced with bone by the end of the 1st year, but anterior fontanelle can take 1.5-2 years

55
Q

skull and face growth

A

9 months of age: skull 1/2 adult size
2 years of age: 3/4 adult size
8-9 years: cranium almost adult size
6-13 years: accelerated growth of jaws, cheekbones, large permanent teeth, nose, and paranasal sinuses

56
Q

the axial skeleton throughout life

A

water content of the intervertebral discs decreases with age
by age 55, loss of a few centimeters of height is common
thorax becomes more rigid as costal cartilage gradually ossifies
bones lose mass with age

Anatomy (22 decks)

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