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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

the skeleton

A 
consists of:
bones
joints
cartilage
ligaments
axial and appendicular skeleton = 206
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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

formed from 80 named bones

consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax\

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3
Q

the skull

A

body’s most complex bony structure

8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

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4
Q

8 cranial bones

A

frontal, occipital, parietal (2), temporal (2), ethmoid, sphenoid

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5
Q

14 facial bones

A

mandible, vomer, inferior nasal conchae (2), lacrimal (2), maxilla (2), nasal (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2)

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6
Q

cranial fossae

A

internally prominent bony ridges divide skull into distinct fossae
anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of cerebrum
middle cranial fossa: temporal lobe of cerebrum
posterior cranial fossa: cerebllum

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7
Q

small cavities of skull

A

middle and inner ear cavities in lateral aspect of cranial base
nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the nose
orbits house the eyeballs
air-filled sinuses occur in several bones around the nasal cavity

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8
Q

parietal bones: associated sutures

A

coronal suture - parietal bones meet frontal bone
sagittal suture - right and left parietal bones meet
squamous suture - parietal bones meet temporal bones
lambdoid suture - parietal bones meet occipital bone

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9
Q

sutural bones

A

small bones that occur within sutures
irregular in shape, size, and location
not all people have sutural bones

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10
Q

frontal bone

A

forms the forehead and roofs of orbits
supraorbital margin - superior margin of orbits
glabella - smooth part of frontal bone between superciliary (eyebrow) arches
squamous part of frontal bone - makes up forehead
frontal sinuses
contributes to anterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the posterior part of the skull
articulates with the temporal bone and the parietal bones
forms the posterior cranial fossa
superior and inferior nuchal lines
foramen magnum located at its base
hypoglossal canal through which nerve runs
occipital condyles

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12
Q

temporal bones

A

lie inferior to parietal bones
contributes to the middle and posterior cranial fossae
form the inferolateral portion of the skull

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13
Q

regions of temporal bones

A

squamous region - flat area of bone which contains bar-like zygomatic processes
zygomatic process projects anteriorly to meet zygomatic bone of face and contributions of these two bones to make up the zygomatic arch
mandibular fossa
tympanic region - surrounds the external acoustic meatus
styloid process - extends down from inferior temporal bone and is muscle attachment site
mastoid region - site for neck muscle attachment, contains air sinuses
petrous region - projects medially, contributes to cranial base, houses cavities of middle and external ear

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14
Q

foramina of temporal bone

A 
internal and external acoustic meatus
jugular foramen (at boundary with occipital bone)
carotid canal
foramen lacerum (at boundary with sphenoid bone and occipital bone)
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15
Q

sphenoid bone

A

spans width of cranial floor
resembles a butterfly or bat
“keystone” of the cranium and forms a central widge that articles with multiple other cranial bones

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16
Q

body of the sphenoid bone

A

superior part of the body bears stella turcica (saddle-shaped prominence)
seat of stella turcica contains the hypophyseal fossa, which holds the pituitary gland

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17
Q

sphenoid bone openings

A

superior orbital fissure - long slit between greater and lesser wings
optic canal - lies just anterior to stella turcica
foramen rotundum - in medial part of greater wing
foramen ovale - posterolateral to foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum - posterolateral to foramen ovale
foramen lacerum - at boundary of temporal and occipital bone

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18
Q

ethmoid bone

A

lies between nasal and sphenoid bones

forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits

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19
Q

parts of the ethmoid bone

A

crista galli - attachment site for falx cerebi, large vertical sheet of connective tissue that lies in between cerebral hemispheres
cribriform plate - superior surface of the ethmoid bone, contains olfactory foramina
perpendicular plate - forms superior part of nasal septum
lateral masses - contain air
inferior/middle nasal conchae - extend medially from lateral masses

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20
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone
largest and strongest facial bone
composed of two parts: horizontal body, two upright rami

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21
Q

maxillary bones

A

articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
are the “keystone” bones of the face
contain maxillary sinuses - largest paranasal sinuses
forms part of the inferior orbital fissure
forms part of the hard palate

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22
Q

7 bones that make up orbit walls

A

lacrimal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, palatine, frontal

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23
Q

roof of orbit

A

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

orbital plate of frontal bone

24
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

zygomatic process of frontal bone
greater wing of sphenoid bone
orbital surface of zygomatic bone

25
floor of orbit
orbital process of palatine bone orbital surface of maxillary bone zygomatic bone
26
medial wall
sphenoid bone orbital plate of ethmoid bone frontal process of maxilla lacrimal bone
27
hyoid bone
associated with skull but not directly in contact with any other bone lies inferior to mandible in the anterior neck only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone acts as a movable base for the tongue
28
vertebral column
formed from 26 bones in the adult (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx) transmits weight of the trunk to lower limbs surrounds and products the spinal cord serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back
29
curvatures of the vertebral column
thoracic and sacral - primary curvatures, present and well-developed at birth, convex posteriorly cervical and lumbar - secondary curvatures, develop fully after birth, concave posteriorly
30
ligaments of the spine
anterior longitudinal ligaments - wide and attach strongly to both bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs, prevents hyperextension of back posterior longitudinal ligaments - narrow, relatively weak, and attaches only to intervertebral discs and prevents hyperflexion of back ligamentum flavum - contains elastic connective tissue and connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
31
anterior longitudinal ligaments
wide attach strongly to both bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs prevent hyperextension of back
32
posterior longitudinal ligaments
narrow, relatively weak attach only to intervertebral discs prevent hyperflexion of back
33
ligamentum flavum
contains elastic CT | connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
34
intervertebral discs
cushion-like pads between vertebrae nucleus pulposus - gelatinous inner sphere annulus fibrosus
35
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous inner sphere | absorbs compressive stresses
36
annulus fibrosus
outer rings formed of ligament inner rings formed of fibrocartilage these rings function to contain the nucleus pulposus
37
common structures of vertebrae
``` body vertebral arch vertebral foramen transverse processes spinous process intervertebral foramena: two apertures between every pair of vertebrae that allow for passage of spinal nerve root, dorsal nerve ganglion ```
38
cervical vertebrae
7 lightest vertebrae in the spine atlas and axis
39
the atlas
C1 lacks a body or spinous process supports the skull: superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles allows for extension and flexion of the neck (enables us to nod)
40
the axis
has a body and a spinous process | dens: knoblike structure which projects superiorly from body of axis, cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas
41
dens
knoblike structure which projects superiorly from body of axis acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and skull participates in rotating the head from side to side
42
cervical vertebrae C3-C7
body: small wide and laterally (side to side) spinous process: short and bifid (except C3) and projects posteriorly vertebral foramen: triangular and large transverse processes: contain foramina
43
thoracic vertebrae
all articulate with ribs body: larger than cervical bodies and heart-shaped from superior view spinous processes are long and point inferiorly vertebral foramen are circular
44
the thoracic cage
``` forms the framework of the chest components: thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum and costal hyaline cartilage anteriorly protects thoracic organs supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs provides attachment sites for muscles ```
45
sternum
3 sections: manubrium - superior section: articulates with medial end of clavicles and rib 1 body - bulk of sternum: sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7 xiphoid process - inferior end of sternum: ossifies around age 40
46
sternum: anatomical marks
jugular notch - central indentation at superior border of the manubrium sternal angle - horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum xiphisternal joint - where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra
47
ribs
pairs 1-7 vertebrosternal ribs - superior 7 ribs that attach to sternum via costal cartilage pairs 8-10 vertebrochondral ribs - pairs of ribs that attach to the sternum indirectly ribs 11-12 floating ribs - not attached to the sternum
48
lumbar vertebrae
``` L1-L5 bodies are thick and robust transverse processes are thin and tapered, nearly perpendicular to spinous process vertebral foramina are triangular allows flexion and extension rotation is prevented ```
49
sacrum
``` S1-S5 shapes the posterior wall of pelvis formed form 5 fused vertebrae superior surface articulates with L5 inferiorly articulates with coccyx ```
50
sacrum: anterior view
sacral promontory - where the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebrae bulges into the pelvic cavity four transverse ridges - cross the anterior surface of the sternum, marking the lines of fusion of sacral vertebrae sacral foramina - sacral spinal nerves pass through
51
human body's center of gravity
1 cm posterior to sacral promontory
52
sacrum: posterior view
facets of superior articular processes median sacral crest - bumpy midline of the posterior surface, represents the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae sacral foramina - lateral to the median sacral crest ala - "wing", superior lateral part of the sacrum
53
coccyx
tailbone formed from 4 fused vertebrae offers only slight support to pelvic organs long filament of connective tissue (filum terminale) attaches to coccyx which helps anchor spinal cord in place
54
fontanelles
unossified remnants of membranes present at birth anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal allows skull to be safely compressed and molded as baby passes through birth canal visible arterial pulse can be seen which looks like a "fountain" tend to be replaced with bone by the end of the 1st year, but anterior fontanelle can take 1.5-2 years
55
skull and face growth
9 months of age: skull 1/2 adult size 2 years of age: 3/4 adult size 8-9 years: cranium almost adult size 6-13 years: accelerated growth of jaws, cheekbones, large permanent teeth, nose, and paranasal sinuses
56
the axial skeleton throughout life
water content of the intervertebral discs decreases with age by age 55, loss of a few centimeters of height is common thorax becomes more rigid as costal cartilage gradually ossifies bones lose mass with age

Anatomy (22 decks)

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