Muscles

Question 1

arrangement of fascicles in muscles

Answer 1

circular
convergent
fusiform
parallel
pennate

Question 2

circular arrangement of fascicles

Answer 2

fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
surround external body openings
sphincter - general name for circular muscle
examples:
-orbicularis oris around the mouth
-orbicularis oculi around eye orbit

Question 3

convergent arrangement of fascicles

Answer 3

origin of the muscle is broad
fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion
example: pectoralis major

Question 4

fusiform arrangement of fascicles

Answer 4

fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle and have an expanded central belly
eg biceps brachii

Question 5

parallel arrangement of fascicles

Answer 5

fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle

eg sartorius, sternocleidomastoid

Question 6

pennate arrangement of fascicles

Answer 6

unipennate - fascicles insert into one side of the tendon (eg extensor digitorum longus)
bipennate - fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides (eg rectus femoris)
multipennate - fascicles insert into one large tendon from more than two sides (eg deltoid)

Question 7

muscle groups based on location and function

Answer 7

non-cardiac visceral organ muscles, glands, and blood vessels: smooth muscle
cardiac muscle: cardiac muscle
head and neck muscles: skeletal muscle
axial/trunk muscles: skeletal muscles of thorax, abdomen, pelvis
limb muscles: skeletal muscles of upper and lower extremities

Question 8

muscles of facial expression

Answer 8

face: orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris
scalp: epicranius with frontal belly, occipital belly, and galea aponeurotica
neck: platysma
thin and variable in shape
often insert in skin, not on bones
innervated by the facial nerve

Question 9

muscles of mastication

Answer 9

prime movers of jaw closure and biting: masseter and temporalis
side-to-side movement of jaw: pterygoid muscles
compression of cheeks: buccinator muscles for whistling, sucking (eg breast feeding)
innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 10

tongue movement muscles

Answer 10

genioglossus: attached to mandible
hyoglossus: attached to hyoid bone and depresses tongue
styloglossus: attached to styloid processes
hypoglossal nerve

Question 11

swallowing muscles

Answer 11

suprahyoid muscles: close larynx air passage with swallowing
digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid
pharyngeal constrictor muscles: squeeze food into esophagus
superior, middle, inferior
infrahyoid muscles: open larynx for breathing after swallowing
omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

Question 12

deep muscles of posterior back and neck

Answer 12

semispinalis
quadratus lumborum
erector spinae group - iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 13

functions of deep muscles of posterior back and neck

Answer 13

trunk extension and head movement
maintain normal curvatures of spines
muscles extend from sacrum to the skull

Question 14

deep muscles of the thorax: intercostals for breathing

Answer 14

deep muscles provide movements for breathing
external intercostal muscles - superficial to internal
lift the rib cage
internal intercostal muscles -
aid expiration during heavy breathing

Question 15

deep muscles of the thorax: diaphragm for breathing

Answer 15

most important muscle of respiration

flattens as it contracts, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 16

pelvic muscles from deep to superficial

Answer 16

pelvic floor
urogenital diaphragm
superficial perineal space

Question 17

pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm)

Answer 17

coccygeus

levator ani formed by: iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus

Question 18

urogenital diaphragm

Answer 18

formed from:
external urethral sphincter muscle
deep transverse perineal muscle

Question 19

superficial perineal space

Answer 19

bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
superficial transverse perineal muscle

Question 20

muscle actions and interactions

Answer 20

prime mover (agonist) - has major responsibility for a certain movement
antagonist - opposes or reverses a movement
synergist - helps the prime mover
-by adding extra force
-by reducing undesirable movements

Question 21

arm/shoulder joint: flexion and extension

Answer 21

muscle that crosses on the anterior side produces flexion
eg pectoralis major
muscle that crosses on the posterior side produces extension
eg latissimus dorsi

Question 22

pectoralis major and deltoid

Answer 22

function antagonistically
deltoid: abduction of shoulder
pectoralis major: adduction of shoulder, flexion of arm, medial rotation of arm

Question 23

arm/shoulder: abduction and adduction

Answer 23

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side produces abduction
eg deltoid
a muscle that crosses on the medial side produces adduction
eg teres major

Question 24

deltoid

Answer 24

pure abductor of shoulder
varied action as arm swings:
as arm swings forward, part of the deltoid contributes to shoulder flexion and medial rotation
as arm swings backward, part of the deltoid contributes to shoulder extension and lateral rotation

Question 25

key elbow and knee extensors and flexors

Answer 25

upper extremity extensors in posterior compartment - triceps brachii, extensor digitorum upper extremity flexors in anterior compartment - biceps brachii, flexor digitorum lower extremity knee extensors in anterior compartment - quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior lower extremity knee flexors in posterior compartment - hamstrings, gastrocnemius

Question 26

muscle compartments

Answer 26

compartments separated by dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 27

anterior compartment arm muscles

Answer 27

flexes elbow and supinates forearm: biceps brachii and brachialis innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

Question 28

posterior compartment arm muscles

Answer 28

extends the elbow and forearm: triceps brachii | innervation: radial nerve

Question 29

brachioradialis

Answer 29

anterior compartment of forearm | contributes to elbow/arm flexion

Question 30

anterior compartment of forearm

Answer 30

flex wrist and digits: flexor muscles tendon origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus innervation: median or ulnar nerve

Question 31

posterior compartment of forearm

Answer 31

extend wrist and digits: extensor muscles tendon origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus innervation: radial nerve

Question 32

superficial anterior flexor muscles of forearm

Answer 32

``` origin is medial epicondyle of humerus pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis ```

Question 33

deep anterior compartment muscles of the forearm

Answer 33

flexor digitorum profundus: insertion of 4 tendons into distal phalanges of digits 2-5 flexor pollicis longus: insertion into distal phalanx of thumb pronator quadratus

Question 34

superficial posterior compartment muscles of forearm

Answer 34

extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi radialis longus

Question 35

deep posterior compartment muscles of forearm

Answer 35

``` supinar abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicus ```

Question 36

intrinsic muscles of the hand

Answer 36

thenar muscles midpalmar muscles hypothenar muscles

Question 37

thenar muscles

Answer 37

``` ball of thumb abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis adductor pollicis ```

Question 38

midpalmar muscles

Answer 38

adduction and abduction lumbricals plantar interossei dorsal interossei

Question 39

hypothenar muscles

Answer 39

ball of pinky finger abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi opponens digiti minimi