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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

joints

A

rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints or articulations
articulation of two bones
structures of joints: resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces

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2
Q

functional classification of joints

A

based on movement
synarthroses - immovable joints, common in axial skeleton
amphiarthroses - slightly movable, common in axial skeleton
diarthroses - freely movable, common in appendicular skeleton, all synovial joints are diarthrotic

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3
Q

structural classification of joints

A

based on material that binds bones together
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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4
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones are connected by fibrous dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
do not have a joint cavity
most are immovable (synarthroses)
types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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5
Q

sutures

A

type of fibrous joint
bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue in short fibers
occur between bones of the skull
allow bone growth so that the skull can expand during childhood
fibrous tissue ossifies in middle age to produce synostoses (=sutures)

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6
Q

syndesmosis

A

type of fibrous joint
bones are connected exclusively by ligaments (dense regular connective tissue), fibrous tissue with relatively long fibers
amount of movement depends on length of fibers
-distal tibiofibular joint articulation: synarthrosis with minimal or no movement
-interosseous membrane: long fibers which enables some movement (amphiarthrosis) between these bones

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7
Q

gomphoses

A

tooth in a socket
connecting in a ligament, the periodontal ligament
immobie (synarthrosis)

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8
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bones are united by cartilage
lack a joint cavity
immobile to slightly mobile
types: synchondroses, symphyses

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9
Q

synchondrosis

A

type of cartilaginous joint
bones united by hyaline cartilage
-epiphyseal plates
-joint between first rib and manubrium

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10
Q

symphysis

A

type of cartilaginous joint
fibrocartilage unites bones
fibrocartilage resists tension and compression stresses and can act as a shock absorber
slightly movable joints that provide strength and flexibility
-intervertebral discs
-pubic symphysis

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11
Q

synovial joints

A

most movable type of joint
all are diarthroses (movable joints) and contain a fluid-filled cavity
adjoining bones are covered with articular cartilage and separated by a joint cavity
joint cavity is enclosed within an articular capsule with the inner layer of the synovial membrane

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12
Q

general structure of synovial joints

A

articular cartilage - ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
absorbs compression
joint cavity (synovial cavity) - unique to synovial joints
cavity is a space that contains synovial fluid

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13
Q

ligaments

A

extend over the outer surface of the articular capsule and contribute to joint stability
anchored in periosteum of adjacent bones
dense regular connective tissue

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14
Q

articular capsule of synovial joints: enclosed in a 2-layered capsule

A

fibrous capsule: dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with periosteal layer of adjoining bones, strengthens joint
synovial membrane: loose connective tissue, lines inner layer of joint capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage, functions to make synovial fluid

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15
Q

synovial membrane

A

part of the capsule that encloses articular capsule of synovial joints
loose connective tissue
lines inner layer of joint capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
rich blood supply to synovial membrane forms extensive capillary beds that provide blood filtrate that forms synovial fluid

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16
Q

synovial fluid

A

produced by synovial membrane
present in joint cavity
viscous fluid with consistency similar to raw egg white
contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts

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17
Q

how synovial joints function

A

synovial joints are lubricating devices
friction could overheat and destroy joint tissue
as synovial joints are subjected to compressive forces:
-fluid is squeezed out as opposing cartilages touch
-cartilages ride on the slippery film

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18
Q

sensory fibers richly innervate synovial joints

A

detect pain

most monitor how much the capsule is being stretched

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19
Q

three basic movements of synovial joints

A

gliding - one bone across the surface of the other
angular movement - movements change the angle between the bones
rotation - movement around a bone’s axis

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20
Q

synovial joint types

A
  1. plane joint: nonaxial; intercarpal and intertarsal
  2. hinge joint: uniaxial; elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal
  3. pivot: uniaxial; proximal radioulnar joint, between C1 and dens of axis
  4. chondyloid: biaxial; metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist
  5. saddle: >biaxial; sternoclavicular and 1st carpometacarpal
  6. ball and socket: multiaxial; hip and shoulder
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21
Q

plane joint

A 
articular surfaces are flat planes
short gliding movements are allowed
-intertarsal and intercarpal joints
-movements are nonaxial
-gliding does not involve rotation around any axis
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22
Q

hinge joint

A

cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone
angular movement is allowed on one plane
movement is uniaxial
-elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

23
Q

elbow joint

A

trochlea of the distal humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the proximal ulna to form a hinge
allows flexion and extension
tendons of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis provide stability
radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament provide stability
annular ligament helps stabilize proximal radius and ulna bones

24
Q

ulnar (medial) collateral ligament

A

ligament that links the humerus with the ulna bone
fast ball pitchers can tear this ligament in their pitching arm
Tommy John Surgery (TJS) - ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, surgical graft procedure

25
Q

ankle joint

A

a hinge joint between the united distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus bone of the foot
allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
intertarsal joints are plane joints

26
Q

ligaments of the ankle joint

A

medial (deltoid) ligament - attached to tibia
lateral ligaments - talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments
distal ends of tibia and fibula are joined by anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

27
Q

pivot joint

A

classified as uniaxial - rotating bone only turns around its long axis
examples:
-proximal radioulnar joint
-joint between atlas and dens of axis which allows skull to rotate on axis

28
Q

condyloid joint

A 
classified as biaxial
examples:
-metacarpophalangeal joints
-metatarsophalangeal joints
-wrist joint
29
Q

wrist joint

A

stabilized by numerous ligaments (radiocarpal, intercarpal, carpometacarpal, collateral)
composed of radiocarpal and intercarpal joints

30
Q

radiocarpal joint

A

conyloid joint between the radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid and lunate)
allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

31
Q

intercarpal joints

A

plane joints between the proximal and distal rows of carpals

allows for gliding movement

32
Q

saddle joint

A

each articular surface has convex and concave surfaces
essentially a type of condyloid joint
often classified as biaxial, however have the ability to move in more than 2 axes
-1st carpometacarpal joint
-sternoclavicular joint

33
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A 
saddle joint
4 ligaments:
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament
34
Q

ball and socket joint

A 
spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
classified as multiaxial
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
-shoulder joint
-hip joint
35
Q

hip joint

A

ball and socket joint
movements occur in all axes
movements limited by ligaments and acetabulum
acetabulum labrum: rim of fibrocartilage around acetabulum
ligament of femur head (=ligamentum teres)
muscle tendons also contribute to joint stability
ligaments: iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubifemoral

36
Q

shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

A

the most freely movable joint, less stable than other joints
articular capsule is thin and loose
synovial cavity is glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity

37
Q

bursae and tendon sheaths

A

not within synovial joints
closed bags of lubricant which reduce friction
bursa - a flattened fibrous sac lined with a synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid
tendon sheath - elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

38
Q

rotator cuff

A

made up of 4 muscles and their associated tendons:

  • subscapularis
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
39
Q

knee joint

A

largest and most complex joint
primarily acts as a hinge joint
has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed
structurally considered compound and bicondyloid (both femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces)
many supportive ligaments made of dense regular connective tissue
at least 12 bursae
two fibrocartilage menisci

40
Q

femoropatellar joint

A

shares the joint cavity

allows the patella to glide across the distal femur

41
Q

meniscus

A

articular disc composed of fibrocartilage
present in knee joint, temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint
cushion compressive forces and help articulate bones of different shapes
aids in directing synovial fluid to areas that experience the most friction

42
Q

factors influencing stability of synovial joints

A

ligaments
retinacula
muscle tone
muscle tendons

43
Q

retinacula

A

any of several fibrous bands of fascia
made of dense regular connective tissue
pass over or under tendons to help keep the tendons in place

44
Q

knee joint ligaments

A

extracapsular ligaments - patellar ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, tibular (medial) collateral ligament
capsular ligaments - oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal
intracapsular ligaments - anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate

45
Q

knee joint ligaments that become taut with knee extension

A

fibular collateral ligaments on lateral side
tibular collateral ligament on medial side
oblique popliteal ligament crosses posterior aspect of capsule
arcuate popliteal ligament from posterior capsule to fibula
anterior cruciate ligament internal to capsule
posterior cruciate ligament internal to capsule

46
Q

men vs. women: ACL

A

women are more likely to have an ACL injury than men
narrower intercondylar notch and smaller ACL in women
wider pelvis typically makes thigh bones angle downward more sharply, resulting in more pressure applied to medial aspect of the knee

47
Q

anteriolateral ligament

A

newly described extracapsular knee ligament

extends from lateral epicondyle of the femur to the anterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia

48
Q

joint injuries

A

torn cartilage - common injury to meniscus of knee joint
sprain - ligaments of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn
strain - stretch or tear to either a tendon or a muscle
dislocation - when bones of a joint are forced out of alignment

49
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa due to injury or friction

50
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheath

51
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

52
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common type of “wear and tear” arthritis

53
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder

54
Q

gouty arthritis

A

uric acid build-up causes pain in joints

Anatomy (22 decks)

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