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Anatomy > Bone Tissues > Flashcards

Bone Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

mesenchymal embryologic origins

A

bone: sclerotome
muscle: myotome
dermis: dermatome

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2
Q

tissues in and on bone

A

dominated by bone connective tissue
contain cartilage on articular surfaces
contain nervous tissue and blood connective tissue
contain epithelial tissue lining blood vessels

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3
Q

cartilage

A

firm, flexible connective tissue
resilient tissue that springs back to original shape
contains few or no blood vessels or nerves
matrix contains up to 80% water
cell type is chondrocyte
chondroblasts are found in growing cartilage

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4
Q

growth of cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial growth

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5
Q

appositional growth

A

growth from the outside surface

chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium actively secrete matrix to produce new cartilage

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6
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the external surface of cartilage

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7
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondroblasts produce matrix
chondrocytes (mature chondroblasts) lie in lacunae, divide and secrete new matrix
interstitial growth of cartilage stops when the skeleton stops growing

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8
Q

lacuna

A

small depression or cavity in bone and/or cartilage that contains a cell

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9
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

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10
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

rich in collagen fibers with glassy appearance
imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)
amorphous but fine matrix
most abundant cartilage

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11
Q

functions of hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant cartilage
supports and reinforces
resilient flexible cushion
resists repetitive compressive stress

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12
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage

A

embryonic/fetal skeleton
articular cartilage at ends of adjoining bones of movable joints
costal cartilage of ribs; attachments of ribs to sternum
nose
respiratory tubular structures in neck and thorax including larynx, trachea, bronchi

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13
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage

thick collagen fibers predominate

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14
Q

functions of fibrocartilage

A

resists strong compression (pushing pressures) and strong tension (pulling pressures)
tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

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15
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis
articular discs of some joints eg menisci in knees
annulus fibrosis portion of the discs in between vertebrae

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16
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage histologically
more elastic fibers in matrix than in hyaline cartilage
contains many elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers

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17
Q

functions of elastic cartilage

A

allows great flexibility
able to tolerate repeated bending
maintains shape of structure

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18
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear pinnae

epiglottis

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19
Q

function of bone

A

support: provides hard framework
movement: attachment sites for ligaments and muscle tendons; skeletal muscles use bones as levers
protection: of underlying organs
blood-cell formation: bone contains red marrow
fat storage: in yellow marrow in middle of bone
mineral storage: reservoir for important minerals eg phosphorus and calcium
energy metabolism: osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin

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20
Q

osteocalcin

A

stimulates pancreas to produce insulin and induces fat cells to become more insulin sensitive

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21
Q

bone: mineral storage

A

reservoir for important minerals

eg. phosphorus and calcium

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22
Q

bone: fat storage

A

yellow marrow in middle of bone

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23
Q

bone: energy metabolism

A

osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin, which stimulates pancreas to create more insulin and fat cells to become more insulin sensitive

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24
Q

bone tissue

A

organic and inorganic components
ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
calcified matrix contains many collagen fibers
well vascularized

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25
Q

composition of bone

A

35% organic components (especially collagen)

65% inorganic components (hard crystals)

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26
Q

organic components of bone tissue

A

comprises 35% of bone tissue
rich in collagen fibers which provide tensile strength and flexibility to resist twisting and pulling
tensile strength is the force required to pull something until it breaks

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27
Q

inorganic components of bone tissue

A

makes up 65% of bone tissue
inorganic hydroxyapatites, mineral salts eg calcium phosphate
mineral salt crystals pack tightly in and around the collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix to give bone its exceptional hardness to resist compression

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28
Q

mineral salt crystals in bone tissue

A

pack tightly in and around collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix to give bone its exceptional hardnesss to resist compression

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29
Q

bone cells which produce or maintain bone

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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30
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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31
Q

osteoblasts

A

actively produce and secrete bone matrix (osteoid) that contains ground matrix and collagen fibrils
within a week of osteoid secretion, inorganic calcium salts crystallize within osteoid

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32
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain bone matrix

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33
Q

osteoclasts

A

responsible for bone resorption

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34
Q

classification of bone shapes

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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35
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide
shaft plus 2 ends
common in extremities

36
Q

short bones

A

roughly cube-shaped
in wrist and ankles
sesamoid bones are a special type of short bones which include kneecaps

37
Q

flat bones

A

thin and flattened, usually curved
ribs and sternum
scapula
some cranial bones

38
Q

irregular bones

A

various shapes, do not fit into other categories

include vertebrae and hip bones

39
Q

compact bone

A

has a dense outer layer of bone

40
Q

spongy bone

A

also called trabecular bone
internal 3-dimensional network of bone with small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae
open spaces in between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow (mainly hematopoietic cells) and/or yellow marrow (mainly adipose cells)

41
Q

red bone marrow

A

mainly hematopoietic cells

42
Q

yellow marrow

A

mainly adipose cells

43
Q

typical long bone structure

A

diaphysis: shaft, long axis of a bone
epiphysis: ends of a bone with joint surfaces, typically covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
epiphyseal line: runs between the diaphysis and epiphysis in adults and is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate
blood vessels: unlike cartilage, bone is well vascularized
medullary cavity: the center of the diaphysis has no spongy bone and is filled with yellow marrow
membranes: periosteum surrounds bone and endosteum lines medullary cavity and inner surface of osteons

44
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft or long axis of a bone

45
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a bone with joint surfaces

typically covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

46
Q

epiphyseal line

A

runs between epiphysis and diaphysis in adults and is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

47
Q

medullary cavity

A

center of the diaphysis has no spongy bone and is filled with yellow marrow

48
Q

bone is avascular (true/false)

A

false

49
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue membrane which covers the external surface of the bone, except the ends of the epiphyses which are covered with articular cartilage
two layers of periosteum
provides insertion points for tendons and ligaments

50
Q

deep inner periosteum layer

A

abuts the outer surface of compact bone

deep layer is osteogenic and forms osteoblasts and osteoclasts

51
Q

superficial outer periosteum layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue layer

resists tension placed on the bone

52
Q

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

A

secure periosteum to underlining bone with thick bundles of collagen that run from periosteum into bone matrix

53
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity
thin connective tissue membrane layer which lines internal bone surfaces including trabeculae of spongy bone and inner surface of central canals of osteons
osteogenic, contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

54
Q

central canals of osteons

A

lined with the osteogenic endosteum layer
lamella are added to the inner surface of the osteon which decreases the diameter of the inner canal
perforating canals lie at right angles to the central canals and central marrow cavity and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to these areas

55
Q

osteons of compact bones

A 
contains passage ways for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of bone
group of concentric tubes
function in support
56
Q

osteons contain:

A

lamellae
central canal
perforating (Volksmann’s) canals
canaliculi

57
Q

canaliculi

A

osteocytes’ “legs” occupy these thin tubes
connect neighboring lacunae to one another and to capillaries for nutrient supply
extensions of the neighboring osteocytes tough and form gap junctions for nutrient exchange

58
Q

lamellae outside of osteons

A

interstitial lamellae: groups of incomplete lamellae which lie between osteons
these are remains of old osteons cut through by bone remodeling
circumferential lamellae: extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis

59
Q

microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

less complex than compact bone
trabeculae are too small to contain osteons or its own blood vessels
trabeculae contain several layers of lamellae and osteocytes
osteocytes receive nutrients from capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabeculae via connections through the canaliculi

60
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A 
membrane bones (eg cranial bones, clavicles) - form directly from mesenchyme through intramembranous ossification without first being modeled in cartilage
endochondrial bones - develop initially from hyaline cartilage which is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification
61
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  1. ossification center appears in fibrous connective tissue membrane where mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. osteoblasts secrete osteoid (bone matrix) within fibrous matrix which calcifies; “trapped” osteoblasts become osteocytes
  3. woven bone (network of trabeculae) and periosteum form
  4. compact lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears in spongy bone
62
Q

endochondral ossification

A

all bones except some bones (eg some skull bones and clavicles)
bones are modeled in hyaline cartilage
begins forming late in the second month of embryonic development
continues forming until early adulthood

63
Q

stages of endochondral ossification

A

week 9 gestation: bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage, cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and forms cavities
month 3 gestation: periosteal bud with blood vessel invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
birth: secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
childhood to adolescence: epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage only remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

64
Q

endochondral ossification: week 9 gestation

A

bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage

cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and forms cavities

65
Q

endochondral ossification: month 3 gestatino

A

periosteal bud with blood vessel invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form

66
Q

endochondral ossification: birth

A

secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses

67
Q

endochondral ossification; childhood to adolescence

A

epiphyses ossify

hyaline cartilage only remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

68
Q

anatomy of epiphyseal growth areas in growing bones

A

hyaline cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth
cartilage cells form stacks with rapidly dividing chondroblasts just inside of the epiphyseal plate
pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
lengthens entire long bone

69
Q

epiphyseal plate

A 
resting zone
proliferation zone
hypertrophic zone
calcification zone
ossification zone
70
Q

epiphyseal plate: resting zone

A

cells nearest the epiphysis that are relatively small and inactive
columns of stacked cartilage cells are inside the resting zone (in direction of diaphysis)

71
Q

epiphyseal plate; proliferation zone

A

made up of chondroblasts at the top of the stack which divide quickly which pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis causing the bone to elongate

72
Q

epiphyseal plate: hypertrophic zone

A

older chondrocytes have enlarged (hypertrophied) and are positioned deep in the stack

73
Q

epiphyseal plate: calcification zone

A

older hypertrophied chondrocytes signal the surrounding cartilage matrix to calcify and produce a calcification zone

74
Q

epiphyseal plate: ossification zone

A

new bone formation

75
Q

postnatal growth of endochondrial bones

A

growing bones widen as they lengthen
osteoblasts add bone tissue to the external surface along the diaphysis
osteoclasts remove bone from the internal surface along the diaphysis as remodeling takes place with increase in diameter
appositional growth - growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface

76
Q

hormone regulation of bone growth

A

growth hormone - produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates epiphyseal plates
thyroid hormone - ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) - promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates

77
Q

bone as a dynamic tissue

A

500 mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day
cancellous (spongy) bone is replaced every 3-4 years in most bones
compact bone is replaced every 10 years in most bones

78
Q

bone deposition and resorption

A

occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces

in adults, this occurs primarily at the endosteal surface

79
Q

bone remodeling

A

bone deposition/formation - accomplished by osteoblasts
bone resorption - accomplished by osteoclasts
maintains normal levels of calcium and phosphate in body fluids
bone is remodeled in response to mechanical stress it experiences

80
Q

osteoclast: a bone-degrading cell

A 
giant cell with many nuclei
derived from hematopoietic stem cells
crawls along bone surfaces
breaks down bone tissue
secretes concentrated HCl
releases lyososomal enzymes
may also phagocytize collagen and dead osteocytes
81
Q

bone design and stress

A

superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them (weight bears down on them, muscles pull on them)
bending compresses bone on one side and stretches bone on the other side
trabeculae of spongy bones align along lines of stress to provide structural support

82
Q

phases of healing of simple fracture

A
  1. hematoma formation - blood vessels break in periosteum and inside bone
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation - within a few days new blood vessels from the periosteum and endosteum grow into the clot, filling it with fibrous granulation tissue called soft callus
  3. bony callus formation - within a week, bone trabeculae begin to form in bony callus
  4. bone remodeling
83
Q

types of fractures

A

comminuted - 3 or more bone fragments
compression - bone crushed
spiral - caused by twisting force
epiphyseal - epiphysis separates from diaphysis
depressed - fractured bone depressed inward
greenstick - only one side of long bone fractures

84
Q

osteoporosis

A

characterized by low bone mass
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
compact bone becomes thinner and less dense, spongy bone has fewer trabeculae
occurs most often in women after menopause

85
Q

osteomalacia

A

“soft bones”

bones are inadequately mineralized

86
Q

rickets

A

children with inadequate intakes of vitamin D can develop inadequately mineralized bones
bones are “soft” which can cause the child to have bowed legs and cranial bone deformities

87
Q

the skeleton throughout life

A

skeleton grows until age 18-21
children and adolescents: bone formation exceeds rate of bone resorption
young adults: bone formation and bone resorption are in balance
old age: bone resorption exceeds rate of bone formation
bone mass declines with age after young adulthood

Anatomy (22 decks)

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