TISSUE TYPES- BONE

Question 1

Where is the periosteum found

Answer 1

Covers the outer surfaces of bones

Question 2

What is the structure and function of the periosteum

Answer 2

• Is a tough fibrous membrane

- Forms bone during development (also in the healing of a fracture )

Question 3

What is compact bone

Answer 3

Solid bone consisting of lamellar bone arranged around closely packed osteons or haversian systems

Question 4

What is cancellous bone

Answer 4

Spongy bone

Has varying density

Question 5

What is the medullary cavity

Answer 5

Contains bone marrow - fat in older animals

Produces red and white blood cells

Question 6

What is the axial skeleton

Answer 6

The bones forming the axis or centre of the animal.

E.g. bones f the head, neck, vertebrae column, ribs, (pelvis) and tail.

Question 7

What is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 7

Regions that are attached

E.g. bones of the forelimbs and hind limbs

Question 8

What are visceral bones

Answer 8

Develop inn the soft tissues, away from the rest of the skeleton

Question 9

Give 2 examples of visceral bones

Answer 9

Os penis. Inn the dog and cat

Os cordially in the heart of ruminants

Question 10

What are the different types of bones

Answer 10

Long bones 
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
irregular bones

Question 11

What are the main features of a long bone

Answer 11

Cylindrical shape
Main part of bone is a column providing strength, expanded ends providing transfer of load
Resist compression when loaded, act as levers and resist tension during uncle contraction

Question 12

Which cells make up bone

Answer 12

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 13

What do osteoblasts do

Answer 13

Synthesise and secrete osteoid

Question 14

What do osteocytes do

Answer 14

Maintain matrix

Question 15

What do osteocytes do

Answer 15

Responsible for bone reasorbtion - get rid of old bone to make new osteons

Question 16

Where would you find osteocytes

Answer 16

Scattered within matrix

Reside within lacunae (little holes) which are interconnected by canaliculi

Question 17

What do osteoclasts look like

Answer 17

Are large cells with multiple nuclei

Question 18

What makes up the inorganic component of bone

Answer 18

Minerals
Calcium and phosphorous
Make bone radio-opaque

Question 19

What makes up the organic part of the bone matrix

Answer 19

Osteoid
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Bone sialoproteins

Question 20

What makes up the osteoid

Answer 20

Collagen type 1

Strong inert fibrils

Question 21

What does glycoproteins do in the bone matrix

Answer 21

Binds collagen and mineral

Question 22

What do proteoglycans do in the bone matrix

Answer 22

Bind growth factors

Question 23

What do bone sialoproteins do in the bone matrix

Answer 23

They are associated with cell adhesion

Question 24

What are the 2 types of bone tissue

Answer 24

Woven Bone

Lamellar bone

Question 25

What is woven bone

Answer 25

Quick and dirty formation Occurs in young growing animals and during fracture repair Mineralises quickly

Question 26

What is lamellar bone

Answer 26

Replaces woven bone | Parallel fibres make this type of bone structurally superior

Question 27

What is another name for a haversian system

Answer 27

Osteon

Question 28

How are primary osteons formed

Answer 28

Formed when bone is growing Osteoclasts excavate cylindrical tunnel Osteoblasts follows, form concentric lamellar of lamellar bone on walls, surrounding a centrally in- growing blood vessel

Question 29

What is different about secondary osteons

Answer 29

Formed the exact same way just come off the primary osteon

Question 30

What are the two types of ossification

Answer 30

Endochondral ossification | Intramembranous ossification

Question 31

What is endochonral ossification

Answer 31

In direct Cartilage is invaded by vessels and undergoes mineralisation Occurs in the growth plates

Question 32

What is intrmembranous ossification

Answer 32

Direct Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce bone directly No pre-existing cartilage model

Question 33

What does endochonral ossifaction form

Answer 33

Length growth in long bones

Question 34

What does intramembranous ossification form

Answer 34

``` Flat bones ( e.g. most of skull ) Width growth in long bones ```

Question 35

What are the main parts of the haversian system

Answer 35

``` Haversian canal Lamellae Lacunae Osteocytes Canaliculi ```

Question 36

What is the Haversian canal

Answer 36

Longitudinal canal in the center of haversian systems. Contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 37

What are lamellae

Answer 37

Concentric rings of calcified matrix around the Haversian canal

Question 38

What are lacunae

Answer 38

Cavities within lamellae that contains osteocytes

Question 39

What are canaliculi

Answer 39

Small canals that radiate from he Haversian canal and interconnect lacunae with each other

Question 40

Why is bone remodelling important

Answer 40

Changes the bone shape Changes the bone material Repairs damaged bone Releases mineral ions

Question 41

What is the main differences between bone and cartilage

Answer 41

Bone is highly vascularised however cartilage is a vascular | Bone is very strong and cartilage is flexible and resistant to compressive forces

Question 42

What are stress fractures

Answer 42

Syndrome involving localised bone injury associated with fatigue damage subsequent to repetitive loading