JOINT ANATOMY

Question 1

What are the 3 types of joints

Answer 1

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 2

What are fibrous joints

Answer 2

Are connected. By dense connective tissue - mainly collagen

Also called fixed or immovable joints because they don’t move

Question 3

Where do fibrous joints occur

Answer 3

Most occur in the skull - sutures

Question 4

What are cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

Connected entirely by cartilage ( fibrocartilage or hyaline )
Allow more movement than fibrous joints
Also known as synchondroses

Question 5

Where do cartilaginous joints occur

Answer 5

They include joints between the epiphytes and diaphysis of juvenile long bones and corresponding joints of the base of the skull

Question 6

What are synovial joints

Answer 6

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid- filled space the joint cavity
Has articular cartilage
most moveable type of joint in the body

Question 7

What are the different types of synovial joints

Answer 7

Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint 
Ellipsoidal joint
Saddle joint
Spheroid joint ( ball and socket joint )

Question 8

What movements does hinge joints allow

Answer 8

Flexion and extension

Question 9

Give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 9

Elbow joint between humerus and radius and ulna

Question 10

What movements does a pivot joint allow

Answer 10

Allow bone rotation about another bone

Question 11

Give an example of a pivot joint

Answer 11

Atlantoaxial joint

Or proximal radioulnar joint

Question 12

What movements does a condylar joint allow

Answer 12

Flexion and extension

Abduction and adduction

Question 13

Give an example of a condylar joint

Answer 13

Femorotibial joint

Question 14

What movements does a ellipsoidal joint allow

Answer 14

Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Small amounts of rotation may be possible

Question 15

Give an example of an ellipsoidal joint

Answer 15

Radiocarpal joint of the dog

Question 16

What movements can occur at a saddle joint

Answer 16

Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Certain amounts of rotation

Question 17

Give an example of a saddle joint

Answer 17

Distal interphalangeal joint of the dog

Question 18

What movements does a spheroidal joint allow

Answer 18

Has the greatest versatility of movement 
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

Question 19

Give an example of a spheroidal joint

Answer 19

Hip joint

Question 20

What are the main components of synovial joints

Answer 20

Articular cartilage 
Subchondral bone
Epiphytseal bone 
Synovial membrane 
Synovial fluid 
Joint capsule 
Ligaments

Question 21

Subchondral bone - function

Answer 21

Forms joint surface and supports cartilage

Distributes the load

Question 22

Subchondral bone - structure

Answer 22

Haas rich blood supply , lymphatic and nerves
Undulating junctions with cartilage
Has variable thickness

Question 23

Synovial fluid - function

Answer 23

Lubrication and nutrition- allows nutrients to diffuse from synovial membrane to cartilage
Fills the joint space

Question 24

Synovial fluid - structure

Answer 24

Clear, slightly yellow, slippery, viscous fluid

Question 25

Synovial membrane - function

Answer 25

Lines all the inner surfaces of the joint - except cartilage
Brings blood vessels close to cartilage to allow nutrients to diffuse
Produces synovial fluid

Question 26

Synovial membrane - structure

Answer 26

Highly vascularised
Has 2 main cell types :
- synoviocytes A- eat debris
- synoviocytes B- synthesize collagen and hyaluronan

Question 27

Joint capsule - Function

Answer 27

Supports the synovial membrane and stabilises the joint

Question 28

Joint capsule - structure

Answer 28

Contains nerves which are important in proprloception - monitor joint position and movement

Question 29

Ligament - Function

Answer 29

Collateral ligaments

Provide stability between bones forming the joint

Question 30

What are tendon sheaths

Answer 30

Protect tendons (surround them )

Question 31

What are Bursae

Answer 31

Fluid filled sacs that protect soft tissues passing over bones