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NMSK 1 > Neuromuscular embryology > Flashcards

Neuromuscular embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mesoderm cell fate determined by

A

Where in the primitive streak the cells migrate through

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2
Q

What is somitogenesis

A

The formation of somites

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3
Q

What are somites derived from

A

Paraxial mesoderm- separating

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4
Q

what direction do somites form

A

Cranial to caudal

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5
Q

What do somites lie lateral to

A

Neural tube and notochord

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6
Q

What do somites differentiate into

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

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7
Q

What does the dermatome form

A

dermis
muscle stem cells
brown fat cells

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8
Q

What does the sclerotome form

A

Vertebrae and ribs
tendons
blood vessels
meninges

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9
Q

which 3 lineages generate the skeleton

A
  • Somites= axial skeleton
  • Lateral plate mesoderm= limb skeleton
  • Neural crest and head mesoderm= skull and face
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10
Q

How do sclerotome cells join to form the vertebrae

A

Vertebral body develops from caudal part of one sclerotome and cranial part of the next

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11
Q

What is vertebrae formed by

A

Chondrification of sclerotomal mesenchyme

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12
Q

What does early fetal cartilaginous vertebrae undergo

A

Endochondral ossification

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13
Q

What are the 3 axes of limb development

A
  • Proximo-distal (shoulder- fingertip )
  • Antero-posterior (thumb- little finger)
  • Dorso-ventral (knuckle-palm)
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14
Q

What are limb buds

A

Early structures of limbs

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15
Q

What causes the formation of limb buds

A

Activation of mesenchymal cells in the lateral plate mesoderm and cell accumulate under the ectoderm creating a bulge

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16
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

A thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of a limb bud that promotes outgrowth of the limb bud

17
Q

Which structures appear first in the limb bud

A

Proximal structures

18
Q

What does the proximal-distal development require

A

Interaction between the AER and progress zone

19
Q

Anterior-posterior axis- What specifies individual digits

A

Zone of polarising activity and sonic hedgehogs (signally molecule)

20
Q

What is polydactyly caused by

A

Mutations affecting the zone of polarising activity

21
Q

How do mutations affect the dorso-ventral axis

A

Dorsal features replaced by ventral features

22
Q

What is the dorso-ventral axis specified by

A

ectoderm

23
Q

How are digits formed

A

Initially form as plate, apoptosis needs to occur to seperate digits

24
Q

What does expansion of lateral parts of the neural tube lead to

A

Formation of thick lateral walks- thin roof/floors

25
Q

What are alar and basal plates

A

Are where the neural plate differentiates into ventral and dorsal halves

26
Q

What are the alar and basal plates seperated by

A

Sulcus limitans

27
Q

What do the cells in the alar plate develop into

A

Sensory neurons

28
Q

What do cells in the basal plate develop into

A

Motor neurons

NMSK 1 (36 decks)

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