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NMSK 1 > DISTAL LIMB > Flashcards

DISTAL LIMB Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the flexor muscles located

A

Palmar aspect of limb

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2
Q

Where are the extensor muscles located

A

Dorsal-lateral aspect of the limb

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3
Q

Which muscles cause extension of the digits in the forelimb

A

Common digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

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4
Q

Which nerve innervates the forelimb extensors

A

Radial nerve

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5
Q

Which is the main extensor of digits in the forelimb

A

Common digital extensor

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6
Q

Where does the common digital extensor insert

A

On extensor process of P3

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7
Q

Where is the lateral digital extensor located

A

Located lateral to the common digital extensor on the forelimb

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8
Q

Which nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the hindlimb

A

Fibular nerve

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9
Q

Where do the extensor muscles of the digit originate

A

From the lateral epicondyle of femur

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10
Q

Which muscles are responsible for extension of the digits in the hindlimb

A

Long digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

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11
Q

Where does the lateral digital extensor inset in a horse

A

On P1

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12
Q

Where does the long digital extensor insert

A

Inserts on extensor process of P3

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13
Q

Where does the lateral digital extensor insert in hindlimb of horse

A

Fused with the long digital extensor

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14
Q

What is responsible for flexion of the digits

A

Superficial digital flexor tendon

Deep digital flexor tendon

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15
Q

Where do the flexors of the digit arise in the forelimb

A

Muscles rise from the medial epicondyle of humerus

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16
Q

Where do the flexors of the hindlimb arise

A

From the caudal aspect of femur, tibia ad fibular

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17
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexors of the forelimb

A

Ulna and medial nerves

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18
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hindlimb

A

Tibial nerve

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19
Q

Where does the SDFT split

A

At the distal end of P1

20
Q

Where does the SDFT insert

A

On P2

21
Q

What is the manica flexoria

A

Where SDFT forms sleeve around DDFT a proximal sesamoids

22
Q

Where is the DDFT

A

Runs deep to SDFT and passes through manica flexoria

23
Q

Where does the DDT insert

A

On flexor tuberosity of P3 of each functional digit

24
Q

What are bursae

A

Tough connective tissue sacs that contain synovial fluid

25
Q

What is the function of bursae

A

Cushion tendons in areas at risk of damage and distributes pressure

26
Q

What are tendon sheaths

A

Are thin-walled, double layered, fluid filled tubes surrounding stretches of tendons

27
Q

What are the function of tendon sheaths

A

Protect tendons from pressure and reduce friction

28
Q

What is the digital flexor tendon sheath

A

Encompasses flexor tendons of the fore and hind limb from above fetlock to middle of P2

29
Q

What are annular ligaments

A

Local thickenings of fascia

Stabilise tendons

30
Q

What are dorsal elastic ligaments

A

Only occur in cats
Allow retractable claws
Are unequal in length

31
Q

Where does the medial dorsal elastic ligament attach

A

The proximal end of p2 to unguicular crests of P3

32
Q

Where does the lateral dorsal elastic ligament attach

A

Distal end of P3 and distal end of p2

33
Q

What soft tissues provide support the distal limb

A

Interosseus

Accessory (check ) ligaments

34
Q

What is the interosseus also known as

A

Third interosseus muscle

Suspensory ligament

35
Q

What is the interosseus made up of

A

Dogs and cats = muscular
Large animals = fibrous but muscular remnants
Horse= entirely tendinous

36
Q

Where is interosseus located i horse

A

Deep to the SDFT sand DDFT

37
Q

What does the interosseus do

A

Supports fetlock and prevents excessive extension

38
Q

What do check ligaments do

A

Limit movement of the tendon, prevent over stressing

39
Q

Where does the SDFT check ligament attach in forelimb

A

Attaches to radius above carpus

40
Q

Where does the DDFT check ligament attach in the forelimb

A

Attaches to the cannon bone

41
Q

What is the difference between the forelimb and hindlimb check ligaments

A

Weak/ absent in hindlimb

42
Q

Outline the vasculature of the limbs

A

Axillary artery-Brachial artery- Median artery- Median palmar (palmar common digital )- Medial and lateral palmar digital

43
Q

Which is the main blood supply to the distal forelimb

A

Median artery- continuing as medial palmar artery- no dorsal in horse forelimb

44
Q

Which is the main blood supply to the distal hindlimb

A

Cranial tibial artery - continuing as dorsal metatarsal artery

45
Q

What is the extra artery i ruminants called and what is the clinical relevance of it

A

-common digital artery in the bovine forelimb and dorsal metatarsal arteries in the hindlimb (smaller supply than plamar/plantar)
Need to know if amputating toes
- common digital vein used for intravenous anaesthesia

46
Q

When an animal is presented to you with a suspected synovial injury what aspects do you need to consider

A
  • location of injury
  • nature of the injury
  • degree of lameness
  • physical examination
  • imaging techniques (radiography, ultrasound ect)
  • assessment of synovial fluid

NMSK 1 (36 decks)

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