DISTAL LIMB Flashcards
Where are the flexor muscles located
Palmar aspect of limb
Where are the extensor muscles located
Dorsal-lateral aspect of the limb
Which muscles cause extension of the digits in the forelimb
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Which nerve innervates the forelimb extensors
Radial nerve
Which is the main extensor of digits in the forelimb
Common digital extensor
Where does the common digital extensor insert
On extensor process of P3
Where is the lateral digital extensor located
Located lateral to the common digital extensor on the forelimb
Which nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the hindlimb
Fibular nerve
Where do the extensor muscles of the digit originate
From the lateral epicondyle of femur
Which muscles are responsible for extension of the digits in the hindlimb
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Where does the lateral digital extensor inset in a horse
On P1
Where does the long digital extensor insert
Inserts on extensor process of P3
Where does the lateral digital extensor insert in hindlimb of horse
Fused with the long digital extensor
What is responsible for flexion of the digits
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Deep digital flexor tendon
Where do the flexors of the digit arise in the forelimb
Muscles rise from the medial epicondyle of humerus
Where do the flexors of the hindlimb arise
From the caudal aspect of femur, tibia ad fibular
Which nerve innervates the flexors of the forelimb
Ulna and medial nerves
Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hindlimb
Tibial nerve
Where does the SDFT split
At the distal end of P1
Where does the SDFT insert
On P2
What is the manica flexoria
Where SDFT forms sleeve around DDFT a proximal sesamoids
Where is the DDFT
Runs deep to SDFT and passes through manica flexoria
Where does the DDT insert
On flexor tuberosity of P3 of each functional digit
What are bursae
Tough connective tissue sacs that contain synovial fluid
What is the function of bursae
Cushion tendons in areas at risk of damage and distributes pressure
What are tendon sheaths
Are thin-walled, double layered, fluid filled tubes surrounding stretches of tendons
What are the function of tendon sheaths
Protect tendons from pressure and reduce friction
What is the digital flexor tendon sheath
Encompasses flexor tendons of the fore and hind limb from above fetlock to middle of P2
What are annular ligaments
Local thickenings of fascia
Stabilise tendons
What are dorsal elastic ligaments
Only occur in cats
Allow retractable claws
Are unequal in length
Where does the medial dorsal elastic ligament attach
The proximal end of p2 to unguicular crests of P3
Where does the lateral dorsal elastic ligament attach
Distal end of P3 and distal end of p2
What soft tissues provide support the distal limb
Interosseus
Accessory (check ) ligaments
What is the interosseus also known as
Third interosseus muscle
Suspensory ligament
What is the interosseus made up of
Dogs and cats = muscular
Large animals = fibrous but muscular remnants
Horse= entirely tendinous
Where is interosseus located i horse
Deep to the SDFT sand DDFT
What does the interosseus do
Supports fetlock and prevents excessive extension
What do check ligaments do
Limit movement of the tendon, prevent over stressing
Where does the SDFT check ligament attach in forelimb
Attaches to radius above carpus
Where does the DDFT check ligament attach in the forelimb
Attaches to the cannon bone
What is the difference between the forelimb and hindlimb check ligaments
Weak/ absent in hindlimb
Outline the vasculature of the limbs
Axillary artery-Brachial artery- Median artery- Median palmar (palmar common digital )- Medial and lateral palmar digital
Which is the main blood supply to the distal forelimb
Median artery- continuing as medial palmar artery- no dorsal in horse forelimb
Which is the main blood supply to the distal hindlimb
Cranial tibial artery - continuing as dorsal metatarsal artery
What is the extra artery i ruminants called and what is the clinical relevance of it
-common digital artery in the bovine forelimb and dorsal metatarsal arteries in the hindlimb (smaller supply than plamar/plantar)
Need to know if amputating toes
- common digital vein used for intravenous anaesthesia
When an animal is presented to you with a suspected synovial injury what aspects do you need to consider
- location of injury
- nature of the injury
- degree of lameness
- physical examination
- imaging techniques (radiography, ultrasound ect)
- assessment of synovial fluid
