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LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation > Timber COPY > Flashcards

Timber COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Timber used for?

A

To Build:

  • Doors
  • Decorative
  • Ceiling and Flooring
  • Form Works
  • Partition Walls
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2
Q

Advantages of Timber

A
  • Easily Available
  • Easy Transportation and Handle
  • Sound Absorption
  • Decorative Purpose
  • Scraps have high value
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3
Q

What is wood

A

Hard and Fibrous substance which forms a major part of the trunk and branches of a tree

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4
Q

Classifications of Trees

A
  • Endogenous

- Exogenous

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5
Q

Examples of Endogenous Trees

A

Palm, Bamboo, Cane

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6
Q

What are Endogenous Trees?

A

Trees that grow endwards

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7
Q

How are Endogenous trees?

A

Fibrous Mass

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8
Q

What are Exogenous Trees?

A

Tree that grow outwards

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9
Q

Types of Exogenous Trees

A

Conifers and Deciduous

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10
Q

Characteristics of Conifers

A
  • Evergreen Trees
  • Pointed needle like leaves
  • Distinct annual rings
  • Straight and soft Fibres
  • Light in color
  • Resinous
  • Light weight
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11
Q

Examples of Conifers

A

Chir, deodar, fir, kail pine, spruce and larch

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12
Q

Characteristics of Deciduous trees

A
  • Flat and broad leaves.
  • Annual rings are indistinct
  • Hard wood
  • non-resinous
  • Dark in colour
  • Heavy Weight
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13
Q

Examples of Deciduous Trees

A

Oak, teak, shishum, poplar, maple, Babul, Sal, and mahogany

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14
Q

Types of wood

A
  • Soft wood

- Hard wood

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15
Q

Soft wood strength

A

Pull/Stretch : strong

Shear : Weak

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16
Q

Hard wood strength

A

Pull/Stretch : Strong

Shear : Strong

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17
Q

Source of Soft wood

A

Conifers

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18
Q

Source of Hard Wood

A

Deciduous

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19
Q

Annual Rings in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Distinctly Visible

Hard wood: not visible

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20
Q

Medullary Rays and hearthwood in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Cannot be distinguished

Hard wood: Can be distinguished

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21
Q

Conversion difficulty of Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Easy

Hard wood: Difficult

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22
Q

Growth of Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Faster

Hard wood: Slower

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23
Q

Resinous material in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Exists in pores

Hard wood: Does not exist

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24
Q

Microstructures of Exogenous Trees

A

Inside to outside:

  • Pith / Medulla
  • Heartwood
  • Sap wood
  • Medullary Rings
  • Cambium rings
  • Bark (inner and outer)
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25
Function of Bark
Protects the wood against mechanical damage
26
Function of Cambium
To grow wood cells on the inside and smaller bast cells on the outside
27
Function of Sapwood
The sapwood assists in the life | process of tree by storing up starch and conducting sap
28
Functions of Heartwood
The heart wood gives a strong and firm support to the tree
29
What is Heartwodd?
With the growth of tree, the cells in the inner older portion of trunk gradually become inactive and lifeless, but do not decay. This portion of the trunk is called heart wood.
30
Properties of a good wood
i. Appearance ii. Colour iii. Defects iv. Durability v. Elastic vi. Fibers vii. Fire resistance viii. Hardness ix. Mechanical wear x. Shape ** xi. Smell xii. Sound xiii. Strength xiv. Structure xv. Toughness xvi. Water Permeability xvii. Weathering Effect ** xviii. Weight xix. Working Condition
31
Property of good wood : Appearance
Hard and shiny
32
Property of good wood : Colour
Dark => Good Strength Light => Less Strength Dark Preferred
33
Property of good wood : Defects
Should be free from defects and have uniform texture
34
Property of good wood : Durability
Should be durable, resist fungus, physical and chemical attacks
35
Property of good wood : Elastic
Should be elastic
36
Property of good wood : Fibers
Fine straight and parallel fibers, not rough
37
Property of good wood : Fire resistance
Should be fire resistant
38
Property of good wood : Hardness
Should be very hard
39
Property of good wood : Mechanical wear
Should resist mechanical wear and tear and abrasions
40
Property of good wood : Smell
Sweet smell => Good | Unpleasant Smell => weak due to decay
41
Property of good wood : Sound
``` Ringing Sound (clear) => Good Dull Heavy Sound => Weak ```
42
Property of good wood : Strength
- Strong in direct and transverse direction | - resist slow and sudden loads
43
Property of good wood : Toughness
Resistant to impact load and vibrations
44
Property of good wood : Structure
Uniform, firm and straight fibre
45
Property of good wood : Water Permeability
Should be low
46
Property of good wood : Weight
High weight => Good strength
47
Property of good wood : Working Condition
Workable in ever stage
48
Steps in Processing of timber
i. Felling of Trees ii. Seasoning of Timber iii. Conversion of Timber iv. Preservations
49
Factors considered during felling of trees
i. Age: 50-100 years old (mature trees) ii. Method of felling : Above the roots iii. Season of felling: Not in Autumn and Spring, In hilly areas in mid summer, in plain areas in winter. Sap should be less during these seasons
50
What happens when water content is high | in wood?
Low strength, durability and workability More vulnerable to decay Deformations and changes in shape Increase in weight
51
Types of moisture in Timber
- Free moisture: cell cavity | - Bound Moisture: cell wall
52
How much percent of wood is water
>50% w
53
Types of Seasoning
- Natural Seasoning | - Artificial Seasoning
54
Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural seasoning
Advantages: - Cheap - Simple Disadvantages - Very slow process, takes 2-4 years for 10-20% reduction of water - Very in efficient
55
Types of Artificial Seasoning
i. Boiling ii. Chemical Seasoning iii. Electric Seasoning iv. Kilns (chambers of ovens) v. Water seasoning
56
Process in seasoning of wood by boiling
- Boil for 2-4 hours - Sap is removed - Size wont shrink
57
Process in seasoning of wood by Chemical Seasoning
- Timber in Salt solution | - Sap is removed due to difference in concentration of solution
58
Process in seasoning of wood by Electric Seasoning
- High frequency AC is supplied - Heat is generated - Rapid Process - Costly
59
Process in seasoning of wood by Water Seasoning
- Timber in running water | - Due to high velocity of water, sap is removed
60
What is conversion of timber
Cutting and sawing of wood in different shapes and sizes
61
Why is Preservation of wood done?
- to increase the life of timber - to make timber durable - for protection from attack of white ants (termites) and other insects
62
Types of Preservation
- Ascu treatment - Chemical Salts - Coal tar - Creosate Oil - Oil paint - Solignum Paint
63
Which salt solution is used in Chemical salt preservation of Timber
Copper sulfate Mercuric Chloride Sodium Fluoride Zinc Fluoride
64
Which preservation method for timber is harmful and toxic?
Solignum Paint

LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation (27 decks)

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