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LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation > Timber COPY > Flashcards

Timber COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Timber used for?

A

To Build:

  • Doors
  • Decorative
  • Ceiling and Flooring
  • Form Works
  • Partition Walls
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2
Q

Advantages of Timber

A
  • Easily Available
  • Easy Transportation and Handle
  • Sound Absorption
  • Decorative Purpose
  • Scraps have high value
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3
Q

What is wood

A

Hard and Fibrous substance which forms a major part of the trunk and branches of a tree

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4
Q

Classifications of Trees

A
  • Endogenous

- Exogenous

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5
Q

Examples of Endogenous Trees

A

Palm, Bamboo, Cane

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6
Q

What are Endogenous Trees?

A

Trees that grow endwards

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7
Q

How are Endogenous trees?

A

Fibrous Mass

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8
Q

What are Exogenous Trees?

A

Tree that grow outwards

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9
Q

Types of Exogenous Trees

A

Conifers and Deciduous

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10
Q

Characteristics of Conifers

A
  • Evergreen Trees
  • Pointed needle like leaves
  • Distinct annual rings
  • Straight and soft Fibres
  • Light in color
  • Resinous
  • Light weight
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11
Q

Examples of Conifers

A

Chir, deodar, fir, kail pine, spruce and larch

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12
Q

Characteristics of Deciduous trees

A
  • Flat and broad leaves.
  • Annual rings are indistinct
  • Hard wood
  • non-resinous
  • Dark in colour
  • Heavy Weight
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13
Q

Examples of Deciduous Trees

A

Oak, teak, shishum, poplar, maple, Babul, Sal, and mahogany

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14
Q

Types of wood

A
  • Soft wood

- Hard wood

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15
Q

Soft wood strength

A

Pull/Stretch : strong

Shear : Weak

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16
Q

Hard wood strength

A

Pull/Stretch : Strong

Shear : Strong

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17
Q

Source of Soft wood

A

Conifers

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18
Q

Source of Hard Wood

A

Deciduous

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19
Q

Annual Rings in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Distinctly Visible

Hard wood: not visible

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20
Q

Medullary Rays and hearthwood in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Cannot be distinguished

Hard wood: Can be distinguished

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21
Q

Conversion difficulty of Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Easy

Hard wood: Difficult

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22
Q

Growth of Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Faster

Hard wood: Slower

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23
Q

Resinous material in Soft and Hard wood

A

Soft wood: Exists in pores

Hard wood: Does not exist

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24
Q

Microstructures of Exogenous Trees

A

Inside to outside:

  • Pith / Medulla
  • Heartwood
  • Sap wood
  • Medullary Rings
  • Cambium rings
  • Bark (inner and outer)
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25
Q

Function of Bark

A

Protects the wood against mechanical damage

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26
Q

Function of Cambium

A

To grow wood cells on the inside and smaller bast cells on the outside

27
Q

Function of Sapwood

A

The sapwood assists in the life

process of tree by storing up starch and conducting sap

28
Q

Functions of Heartwood

A

The heart wood gives a strong and firm support to the tree

29
Q

What is Heartwodd?

A

With the growth of tree, the cells
in the inner older portion of trunk gradually become inactive and lifeless, but do not decay.
This portion of the trunk is called heart wood.

30
Q

Properties of a good wood

A

i. Appearance
ii. Colour
iii. Defects
iv. Durability
v. Elastic
vi. Fibers
vii. Fire resistance
viii. Hardness
ix. Mechanical wear
x. Shape **
xi. Smell
xii. Sound
xiii. Strength
xiv. Structure
xv. Toughness
xvi. Water Permeability
xvii. Weathering Effect **
xviii. Weight
xix. Working Condition

31
Q

Property of good wood : Appearance

A

Hard and shiny

32
Q

Property of good wood : Colour

A

Dark => Good Strength
Light => Less Strength
Dark Preferred

33
Q

Property of good wood : Defects

A

Should be free from defects and have uniform texture

34
Q

Property of good wood : Durability

A

Should be durable, resist fungus, physical and chemical attacks

35
Q

Property of good wood : Elastic

A

Should be elastic

36
Q

Property of good wood : Fibers

A

Fine straight and parallel fibers, not rough

37
Q

Property of good wood : Fire resistance

A

Should be fire resistant

38
Q

Property of good wood : Hardness

A

Should be very hard

39
Q

Property of good wood : Mechanical wear

A

Should resist mechanical wear and tear and abrasions

40
Q

Property of good wood : Smell

A

Sweet smell => Good

Unpleasant Smell => weak due to decay

41
Q

Property of good wood : Sound

A 
Ringing Sound (clear) => Good
Dull Heavy Sound => Weak
42
Q

Property of good wood : Strength

A
  • Strong in direct and transverse direction

- resist slow and sudden loads

43
Q

Property of good wood : Toughness

A

Resistant to impact load and vibrations

44
Q

Property of good wood : Structure

A

Uniform, firm and straight fibre

45
Q

Property of good wood : Water Permeability

A

Should be low

46
Q

Property of good wood : Weight

A

High weight => Good strength

47
Q

Property of good wood : Working Condition

A

Workable in ever stage

48
Q

Steps in Processing of timber

A

i. Felling of Trees
ii. Seasoning of Timber
iii. Conversion of Timber
iv. Preservations

49
Q

Factors considered during felling of trees

A

i. Age: 50-100 years old (mature trees)
ii. Method of felling : Above the roots
iii. Season of felling: Not in Autumn and Spring, In hilly areas in mid summer, in plain areas in winter. Sap should be less during these seasons

50
Q

What happens when water content is high

in wood?

A

Low strength, durability and workability
More vulnerable to decay
Deformations and changes in shape
Increase in weight

51
Q

Types of moisture in Timber

A
  • Free moisture: cell cavity

- Bound Moisture: cell wall

52
Q

How much percent of wood is water

A

> 50% w

53
Q

Types of Seasoning

A
  • Natural Seasoning

- Artificial Seasoning

54
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural seasoning

A

Advantages:

  • Cheap
  • Simple

Disadvantages

  • Very slow process, takes 2-4 years for 10-20% reduction of water
  • Very in efficient
55
Q

Types of Artificial Seasoning

A

i. Boiling
ii. Chemical Seasoning
iii. Electric Seasoning
iv. Kilns (chambers of ovens)
v. Water seasoning

56
Q

Process in seasoning of wood by boiling

A
  • Boil for 2-4 hours
  • Sap is removed
  • Size wont shrink
57
Q

Process in seasoning of wood by Chemical Seasoning

A
  • Timber in Salt solution

- Sap is removed due to difference in concentration of solution

58
Q

Process in seasoning of wood by Electric Seasoning

A
  • High frequency AC is supplied
  • Heat is generated
  • Rapid Process
  • Costly
59
Q

Process in seasoning of wood by Water Seasoning

A
  • Timber in running water

- Due to high velocity of water, sap is removed

60
Q

What is conversion of timber

A

Cutting and sawing of wood in different shapes and sizes

61
Q

Why is Preservation of wood done?

A
  • to increase the life of timber
  • to make timber durable
  • for protection from attack of white ants (termites) and other insects
62
Q

Types of Preservation

A
  • Ascu treatment
  • Chemical Salts
  • Coal tar
  • Creosate Oil
  • Oil paint
  • Solignum Paint
63
Q

Which salt solution is used in Chemical salt preservation of Timber

A

Copper sulfate
Mercuric Chloride
Sodium Fluoride
Zinc Fluoride

64
Q

Which preservation method for timber is harmful and toxic?

A

Solignum Paint

LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation (27 decks)

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