8.1s PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

S1 - 2 TYPES OF LOADS

A

Ching 2.08

STATIC & DYNAMIC

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2
Q

S2 - 2 TYPES OF STATIC LOADS

A

Ching 2.08

DEAD & LIVE

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3
Q

S3 - 4 TYPES OF LIVE LOADS

A

Ching 2.08

1 - OCCUPANT & MOVEABLE FURN/EQUIPMENT

2 - SNOW

3 - RAIN

4 - IMPACT (KINETIC LOADS OF SHORT DURATION - CONSIDERED STATIC BY CODE - AMPLIFY LOAD TO COMPENSATE FOR DYNAMIC NATURE)

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4
Q

S4 - 2 COMMON TYPES OF DYNAMIC LOADS

A

Ching 2.09

WIND & SEISMIC

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5
Q

S5 - NEWTON’S 3RD LAW

A

Ching 2.12

For every force acting on a body (building) there is an equal force of opposite magnitude.

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6
Q

S6 - LIST & DEFINE THE 3 TYPES OF FORCES WHICH MAY IMPACT A STRUCTURAL BODY.

A

Ching 2.11

1 - COLLINEAR = along the same line of action *sum of vectors = magnitude along same line of action

2 - CONCURRENT = vectors that intersect at one point *sum of vectors with parallelogram polygon method

3 - NON-CONCURRENT = moment or rotation forces *sum of vectors = moment arm = F X d

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7
Q

S7 - SHEAR & MOMENT FORCES ARE BEST RESISTED WITH WHICH CONSTRUCTION TYPES.

A
  • RIGID CONNECTIONS (Least efficient, only good for small buildings)
  • SHEAR PLANES
  • BRACING
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8
Q

S8 - 3 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS & MATERIALS TYPICALLY USED FOR EACH

A

1 - LINEAR - columns & beams (steel/timber/concrete beams)

2 - PLANAR - walls & slabs (light wood/steel framing/masonry/concrete walls & slabs)

3 - COMPOSITE - columns/walls & beams/slabs

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9
Q

S9 - 3 MAIN TYPES OF SHEAR STRENGTH IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION

A

1 - CONVENTIONAL - shear walls/bracing &or rigid frames

2 - CORE - vertical circulation key to lateral strength

3 - TUBE - lateral bracing along perimeter

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10
Q

S10 - BEST CONSTRUCTION TYPE FOR TALL BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC ZONES

A

STEEL = DUCTILE & LIGHT

NOT CONCRETE FOR EXAMPLE = HEAVY & BRITTLE

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11
Q

S11 - 2 TYPES OF DAMPENING

A

1 - TUNED MASS DAMPER - heavy mass on rollers towards the top of a tall building

2 - BASE ISOLATION - isolate the base from the ground so building can ‘float’ - prevents resonance

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12
Q

S12 - Define underpinning.

A

rebuilding / strengthening foundation of existing buillding

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13
Q

S13 - Describe 5 main types of excavation support systems

A

1 - SHEET PILING steel (corrugated), timber or precast planks driven vertically into ground

2 - SOLDIER PILES steel h-sections driven down vertically to support horizontal lagging

2 - TIE BACKS used if rakers would interfere with const. steel cables anchored into predrilled soil or rock

3 - CROSS BRACING sheet piling and soldier beams are supported by horizontal steel cross bracing or by steel rakers bearing on heal blocks

4 - SLURRY WALL poured into a trench and often becomes permanent wall

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14
Q

Describe the dimensions shown below:

A

width of foundation wall = W

projection = 1/2 W

height of footing = W

width of footing = 2 W

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15
Q

Describe the cone of bearing, how in impacts footing spacing, and what angle is shaped by rock and soil/sand respectively.

A
  1. Cone of bearing is the compacted soil below the footing
  2. each footing must be separated by the width of two footings @ min.
  3. rock results in an angle of 60deg
  4. soil and sand results in an angle of 30deg

(see below)

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16
Q

S16 - What building/soil type are floating foundations used for, and why are they successful?

A
  1. used for tall buildings in yeilding soil
  2. they use a mat (or raft) foundation the is deep enough in the ground that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the construction supported.
17
Q

S17 - When siting a building near the top or base of a slope what sort of setback can be used as a rule of thumb for stability of the foundation?

A
  1. at the base = H/2 (height of the slope/2) or 5m max
  2. at peak = H/3 or 12m max
18
Q

S18 - Describe the typical assembly for a concrete slab:

A

TOP

  1. 100min slab thickness
  2. welded wire fabric reinforcement midway
    • controls thermal stress: shrinking /cracking
    • grid of bars needed for heavy floor loads
  3. 6 mil poly
  4. 50mm sand
    • soak up water during curing
  5. 100mm min base course of gravel/crushed stone
  6. stable uniformly dense soil
    • prevents capillary rise of groundwater
19
Q

S19 - What are the 3 main concrete joints?

A
  1. Isolation (aka expansion)
    • allows MVMT btwn concrete slab + adj. columns walls
  2. Construction (also serve as control/isolation)
    • allows a place for construction to stop and start again @ later time
    • keyed or doweled
  3. Control
    • ​​creates lines of weakness so cracking from tensile stress occurs along predetermined lines
20
Q

Describe the typical spacing of control joints, and 3 common types.

A

typ. spaced 4500-6100(15’-20’) or where required:

  • irregular slab shape
  • openings
  1. Sawn Joint
  2. Premolded or metal strip inserted into concrete
  3. Keyed Joint
    • prevent bond by applying metal or plastic joint material or applying curing agent to one side
21
Q

M10 - Radiant heat cannot provide _______ to the space and it cannot _____ _____. For these reasons, radiant heating should be supplemented.

A

Radiant heat cannot provide ventilation to the space and it cannot react quickly. For these reasons, radiant heating should be supplemented.