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LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation > Stones > Flashcards

Stones Flashcards

1
Q

Basis of Classification of Rocks

A

i. Geological Classification
ii. Physical Classification
iii. Chemical Classification

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2
Q

Geological Classification of Rocks

A

i. Igneous
ii. Sedimentaryd
iii. Metamorphic

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3
Q

What are igneous rocks

A

Rocks of volcanic origin, formed due to solidification of molten mass

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4
Q

Examples of Igneous Rocks

A

Granite, Basalt, Dolerite, Trap

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5
Q

What are Sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks formed due to deposition of sediments (disintegrated rock pieces, clay, sand, silt, etc)

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6
Q

What are Sedimentary rocks aka?

A

aqueous or stratified rocks

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7
Q

What are igneous rocks aka?

A

effusive rocks

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8
Q

Examples of Sedimentary rocks

A

Sandstone, Limestone, Chalk, Lignite, shale, gypsum

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9
Q

What are Metamorphic rocks

A

Rocks formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks as a result of the action of
the earth movements, temperature changes, liquid pressures, etc

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10
Q

Examples of Metamorphic rocks

A

Slate, Gneiss, Marble, Quartz

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11
Q

Physical Classification of Rocks

A

i. Stratified Rocks
ii. Unstratified Rocks
iii. Foliated Rocks

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12
Q

What are stratified Rocks

A

Rocks that show distinct layers along which the rocks can be split. (layers appear upon Cleavage)

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13
Q

Examples Stratified Rocks

A

sandstone, limestone, shale, marble

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14
Q

What are Unstratified Rocks

A

Rocks that do not show any stratification and cannot be easily split into thin layers. (Uniform distribution of minerals upon cleavage)

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15
Q

Examples of Unstratified Rocks

A

granite, basalt, trap

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16
Q

What are Foliated Rocks

A

Rocks that have a tendency to split up only in a definite direction

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17
Q

Examples of foliated rocks

A

Slate, Gneiss, all metamorphic except Quartzite and marble

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18
Q

Chemical Classification of Rocks

A

i. Argillaceous Rocks
ii. Silicious Rocks
iii. Calcarious Rocks

19
Q

What are Argillaceous Rocks

A

Rocks with clay (Al2O3) as principle constituent

20
Q

Characteristics of Argillaceous Rocks

A

Hard and Brittle

21
Q

Examples of Argillaceous Rocks

A

Slate, Laterite

22
Q

What are Silicious Rocks

A

Rocks with Silica (SiO2) as principle constituent

23
Q

Characteristics of Silicious Rocks

A

Very hard and Durable

24
Q

Examples of Silicious Rocks

A

granite, basalt, trap, quartzite, gneiss, syenite

25
Q

What are Calcarious Rocks

A

Rocks with Lime (Ca(OH)2) as principle constituent

26
Q

Examples of Calcarious Rocks

A

limestone, marble, dolomite

27
Q

What is Stone Quarrying

A

The operation involved in the production of natural stone is the quarrying process

28
Q

What is a Quarry

A

The open part of the natural rock from which useful stone is obtained

29
Q

Criteria for Quarry site

A

i. Sufficient quantity of the stone of desired quality
ii. Proper transportation facilities
iii. Cheap local labour
iv. Problems associated with drainage of rain water
v. Location of important and permanent structures in the vicinity
vi. Site for dumping refuse

30
Q

What is Natural Bed of Stone

A

It is the original bed, plane or position occupied by a stone during its formation in a sedimentary
rock

31
Q

What is Seasoning of Rocks

A

The process of removing/extracting water from rock is called seasoning of rocks

32
Q

What is Quarry Sap

A

A freshly cut stone carries some natural moisture known as quarry sap. It is mineral solution.

33
Q

How long does it take for Seasoning of Rocks

A

6-12 months

34
Q

What is Dressing of Stone

A

The working of quarried stone into the shape and size required for use.

35
Q

Characteristics of a Good Building Stone

A

i. Appearance: fine, compact texture, light color preferred
ii. Structure: uniform texture free from cavities, cracks
iii. Compressive Strength: >100N/sq. mm
iv. Hardness: >17 (Dorry’s Test for Hardness) (Moh’s Scale => 1-10)
v. Weight: It is an indication of the porosity and density.
vi. Toughness: The measure of impact that a stone can withstand is defined as toughness (>19, impact test for toughness index)
vii. Water Absorption: <0.6%
viii. Weathering Resistant (from wind, rain, frost action, temp)
ix. Fire Resistance and insulation
x. Specific Gravity: >2.6
xi. Good Seasoning

36
Q

State Common Building Stones in India

A

i. Marble
ii. Granite
iii. Laterite
iv. Basalt and Trap
v. Gneiss
vi. Limestone
vii. Slate
viii. Sandstone

37
Q

Characteristics of Marble

A
  • Metamorphic
  • Color: White
  • Specific Gravity 2.6
  • Compressive Strength 71N/sq mm
  • Can polish the surface for shining
  • Hard and compact
  • Usage: Aesthetic Purpose, Flooring, etc
38
Q

Characteristics of Granite

A
  • Igneous
  • Color: White, pink or Grey
  • Specific Gravity 2.6-2.7
  • Compressive Strength : 75-130 N/sq mm
  • Weight 26-27 KN/cu mm
  • Water Absoption <1%
  • Hard and Durable
  • Usage: Steps, walls, columns and for foundation
39
Q

Characteristics of Basalt and Trap

A
  • Igneous
  • Color: Black
  • Specific Gravity 3
  • Compressive Strength: 150-185 N/sq mmm
  • Weight 18-29 KN/cu mm
  • 40-60% silica
  • Hard and Tough
  • Usage: Road material, concrete aggregates, foundation rocks
40
Q

Characteristics of Gneiss

A
  • Metamorphic
  • Stratified Granite
  • Color: Grey
  • Specific Gravity 2.69
  • Compressive Strength 206N/sq mm
  • Strong and Durable
  • Easy to work
  • Usage: Street Paving, Stone masonary
41
Q

Characteristics of Limestone

A
  • Sedimentary
  • Main Constituent: Calcite
  • Color: White (pure)
  • Specific Gravity 2-2.75
  • Compressive Strength 54N/sq mm
  • Tough but soft enough to cut
  • Usage: Flooring, paving, roofing, manufacture of lime and cement
42
Q

Characteristics of Slate

A
  • Metamorphic
  • From Shale
  • Color : Black/Grey
  • Specific Gravity 2.89
  • Compressive Strength 77-210 N/sq mm
  • Hard and Tough
  • Can be split into thin slabs
  • Usage: roof covering, flooring, Damp-proofing
43
Q

Characteristics of Sandstone

A
  • Sedimentary
  • Constituent of Quartz and other minerals
  • Color: Tan
  • Specific Gravity 2.65-2.95
  • Compressive Strength 64N/sq mm
  • Weight 20-22 kN/cu mm
  • Easy to work and dress
  • Usage: Steps, flooring, walls, column, road material, ornamental curving

LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation (27 decks)

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