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LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation > 8.1a PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION > Flashcards

8.1a PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

A29 - What are 6 types of sound that can reach a listener? (2 types not shown below)

A
  1. Incident Sound (mirror)
    • reflects off of surfaces with low a (sound absorb)
    • to be effective surface area>wavelength
    • returns @ angle = incident angle
  2. Diffracted Sound
    • airborne sound waves bent by obstacle in path
  3. Airborne Sound
    • Travels directly from source to listener
  4. Attenuation
    • greater distance from source = lower amplitude as it spreads
  5. Echoes
    • reflected sound waves
    • loud & late enough to be considered distinct
    • occurs w parallel surfaces 60’(18m) apart
  6. Focusing
    • convergence of sound waves reflected from concave surface
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2
Q

A1 - 3 BROAD ASPECTS WHICH IMPACT WINDOW PERFORMANCE

A
  • PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WINDOW ASSEMBLY (window as system of elements)
  • PHYSICAL INTERFACE w THE ENCLOSURE (component of build. envelope)
  • EFFECTS OF WINDOWS ON QUALITY OF INDOOR SPACE (part of indoor environment)
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3
Q

A02 - 8 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF A WINDOW:

A
  1. • CONTROL HEAT FLOW
  2. • LIMIT SOUND TRANSMISSION
  3. • PREVENT AIR/RAIN LEAKAGE
  4. • TRANSMIT LIGHT wOUT GLARE
  5. • BRING IN FRESH AIR & BLOCK INSECTS
  6. • AIRTIGHT BUT EASY TO OPERATE
  7. • BRING IN SOLAR HEAT IN WINTER not SUMMER
  8. • BLOCK/REFLECT UNWANTED LIGHT & UV RAYS
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4
Q

A3 - FUNCTION OF CAP BEAD & HEEL BEAD. WHAT DO THESE COMPONENTS PREVENT?

A

CAP: KEEP RAIN OUT (flank window pane @ sash in & out)

HEEL: AIR TIGHTNESS (inside joint seal) *PREVENT AIR LEAKAGE

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5
Q

A4 - 3 WAYS TO MITIGATE CONDENSATION ON WINDOWS.

A
  • ADD AIR SPACE w PLASTIC OR GLASS
  • CIRCULATE WARM AIR TOWARDS GLASS
  • REMOVE OBSTRUCTIONS
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6
Q

A5 - 4 WAYS TO MITIGATE SOUND TRANSMISSION IN A WINDOW SYSTEM.

A
  • LARGE GLAZING GAPS
  • THICKER GLASS
  • SEPARATE FRAMES/SASHES (INT/EXT)
  • COMPLETELY AIRTIGHT (fixed often perform better than operable)
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7
Q

A6 - 3 TYPES OF STRENGTHENED GLASS + PROS / CONS

A

1 - FULLY TEMPERED (surfaces in compression & core in tension) + 3-5x more resistant to fail due to

  • bend
  • impact
  • heat - impact along edge will shatter sheet

2 - HEAT STRENGTHENED (lower level of surface compression compared to fully tempered, same process) + stronger than annealed glass & less susceptible to shatter due to edge impact

3 - LAMINATED (bonded together with intermediate layers of plastic) + holds together if broken + can be used for solar heat control, sound control, bullet-resistance, blast resistance - not stronger than regular annealed glass

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8
Q

A07 - List the 5 main forces of moisture transfer in a building envelope.

A
  1. KINETIC ENERGY OF RAIN (impact)
  2. SURFACE TENSION (drip edges)
    • water clings to horizontal(ish) surfaces
  3. CAPILLARY (gaps <5mm)
    • water drawn into permeable materials & small openings (cracks, joints & junctions)
  4. GRAVITY
    • moves rain down surface and into sloped openings (holes cracks flashing)
  5. AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
    • rain driven in direction of lower pressure
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9
Q

A08 - Describe the 2 lines of defence in a rainscreen system.

A
  1. CLADDING
  2. a DRAINED CAVITY
    • intercept all water that passes cladding
    • dissipate water to exterior:
      • ​evaporation
      • drain via flashing

2.b or WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

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10
Q

A09 - A rainscreen should also be protected, what are 3 ways to do so?

A
  1. ROOF OVERHANGS
  2. CORNICES
  3. BALCONIES
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11
Q

A10 - What are the 4 ‘D’s of preventing rain pentration?

A
  1. deflection
  2. drainage
  3. drying
  4. durability
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12
Q

A11 - List & describe the 4 main strategies for preventing moisture infiltration.

A
  1. Integral Sills & Drip Edges on Flashings
    • typ. projection of 10mm beyond cladding
    • 25mm may be rqrd
  2. Drainage Holes in Permanent Cladding
    • needs to slowly dissipate/evap water
    • min. 10mm to prevent capillary bridging
  3. Sealants/ Gaskets reduce openings
  4. Joints:
    1. Locked Joints (open)
      • ​​manage gravity driven
      • rqr 10mm overlap
    2. Lapped Joints (closed)
      • ​​rqr 5mm gap btwn to prevent capillary action
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13
Q

A12 - What STC rating does NBC rqr for dwelling units?

A

STC 50

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14
Q

A13 - What has the greatest impact on controlling sound transmission in a wall assembly? What are the 2 main ways of acheiving this with a wall assembly.

A

Isolate GWB

  1. Staggered Studs
  2. Double Wall
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15
Q

A14 - List 4 ways to alter a wall assembly to impact sound transmission, other than isolation of GWB.

A
  1. Increase Mass
    • 2xGWB will increase STC by 10points!
  2. Add Sound Absorbing Material
    • will increase STC by 10pnts in a stag or double wall
  3. Increase Stud Spacing
    • 400mm-600mm spacing on stag or double wall will increase StC by 1or2 pnts
  4. Include Resilient Channels
    • good for load bearing studs
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16
Q

A15 - When looking to control sound transmission, what should not be done, as it has no impact on sound transmission.

A
  1. inc. gwb @ center or assembly (actually reduces cavity size)
  2. inc. batt insulation - not beneficial at all
17
Q

A16 Define these 4 terms:

  1. NOISE
  2. PITCH
  3. VOLUME
  4. FREQUENCY
A
  1. NOISE
    • Any unwanted sound
  2. PITCH
    • Wavelength of sound
  3. VOLUME
    • Amplitude of sound
  4. FREQUENCY
    • # cycles/second (hertz)
18
Q

A17 - Define these 5 terms:

  1. ATTENUATION
  2. ARTICULATION
  3. SOUND INTENSITY
  4. SOUND ABSORPTION
  5. SOUND REVERBERATION
A
  1. ATTENUATION
    • reduction of sound
  2. ARTICULATION INDEX
    • measure of speech intelligability
    • >.6 = good communication
      1. SOUND INTENSITY
    • dB
  3. SOUND ABSORPTION
    • ratio of sound absorbed by material
    • unit = sabins
  4. SOUND REVERBERATION
    • persistance of sound after source stopped producing
19
Q

A18 - Define these 3 measures of sound :

  1. NC
  2. NRC
  3. STC
A
  1. NC - Noise Criteria
    • ​​specifies max. background noise in a given space
  2. NRC - Noise Reduction Coefficient
    • # rating system for ave. sound sbsoption coefficient of a material @ frequencies of 250/500/1000/2000 Hz
  3. STC - Sound Transmission Class
    • Rating system to determine effectiveness of construction cross sections to stop sound transmission.
20
Q

A19 - What is the typ. STC rating for :

  1. normal speech heard through a barrier
  2. loud speech heard through a barrier
  3. loud speech heard but not understood
  4. loud speech is faint through barrier
  5. loud sound other than speech heard through a barrier
A
  1. STC 25
  2. STC 30
  3. STC 35
  4. STC 42-45
  5. STC 46-50
21
Q

A20 - What is the Inverse Square Law?

A

sound intensity = inversely proportional to square of distance to source

22
Q

A21 - Decibles and hearing?

  1. What is the measure in dB of the threshold of human hearing
  2. What increment of dB is and is not noticeable?
A
  1. zero dB
    1. 1 dB is not noticeable
    2. 5 dB is noticeable
23
Q

A22 - In what range of Hz does human conversation occur?

A

125Hz - 8000Hz

24
Q

A23 What relationship does TL have to NR (noise reduction)?

A

NR = TL(db)

25
A24 - What is the function of noise criteria curves? What is the PNC (preffered noise criteria) for each of the following spaces: 1. concert hall 2. bedroom 3. lobbies 4. kitchens
1. **12-20 dB** (concert hall) 2. **20-30 dB** (bedroom/hospital/aptmt) 3. **40-45 dB** (lobbies/labs) 4. **45-55 dB** (kitchens/light maint. shops)
26
A26 - What is the measure of material absorption and what values reflects absorptive/reflective materials
a = coefficient of absorption (ratio of intensity) \*\*NRC(noise reduction coefficient) = ave a @ 250/500/1000/2000Hz. \<0.2 = REFLECTIVE \>0.2 = ABSORPTIVE
27
A27 - What is sound absorption useful for in sound control? (4)
1. prevent sound reflection 2. reduce sound intensity within space 3. improve speech privacy 4. decrease/enhance reverberation
28
A28 - Reverberation affects the intellgibility of speech & music. Since each space has it's own ideal **reverberation time**, what is the general rule for small spaces vs. large ones.
1. **small space = shorter reverb time** 2. **large space = greater reverb time** examples: * 1.5-1.8s = auditorium * 0.6-0.8s = elem. classroom * 0.3-0.6s = office/small room for speech
29
A29 - What are 4 ways to control mechanical noise?
1. spec quiet equip 2. line ducts 3. use inertia blocks (heavy concrete) to min. vibration 4. set upon resilient blocking to isolate from structure
30
A30 - Define impact noise and the associated system commonly used to measure it.
Structure borne sound generated by impact: * footsteps * moving furniture **​Impact Insulation Class (IIC)** * single # rating prevention of transmission of impact noise in ceiling/floor construction * higher IIC = lower sound transmission
31
A31 - How can Impact Noise be improved? (3)
1. carpet /rsf install 2. suspended ceilings 3. conc. slab floated on fibreboard laid on struct. slab.
32
33 - What is the primary purpose of thermal insulation?
Control the flow of heat through an exterior assembly.
33
32 - List the 4 most common types of insulation and their r-value per inch of thickness
**Batt** **= 3.3** (same fiberglass or rock wool) Rigid board **= 2.5** (cellular glass) **= 3.6 - 7.2** (the various polys - *_polyiso_*cyanurate highest) **Foamed in Place** **= 6.2** (poly*_uerethane_*) Loose fill **= 2.1 -3.7** (vermiculite to cellulose)
34
34 - The steady state method of measuring thermal resistance of a construction assembly is useful, but these **4 factor also influence heat/loss gain:**
1. Surface colour / reflectivity 2. Mass (time lag) 3. Orientation (solar /wind) 4. Latent Heat (occ. etc)
35
35 - As a point of reference, know the typical R value of single and double glazing (w 5mm air space).
\*APPROX DOUBLE single R = .88 double R = 1.61

LARE 4: Grading, Drainage, and Const Documentation (27 decks)

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