8.2s KNOW CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & THEIR PROPERTIES Flashcards by Brooke Donahue

S1 - EFFECTIVE STRUCTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS COMPRISE OF

Stiffness w Elasticity

* Resist Dimensional Instability due to Humidity & Temp.

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S2 - QUALITIES OF WOOD AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• SMALL • RENEWABLE • FLEXIBLE
• LIGHT • EXPOSED TIMBER
* GOOD IN COMPRESSION & TENSION

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S3 - QUALITIES OF CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

• FREEDOM OF FORM • NATURALLY FIRE PROTECTED
• EXPOSED STRUCTURE • INEXPENSIVE
* GOOD IN COMPRESSION - MUST BE PAIRED WITH STEEL REINFORCING FOR TENSION

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S4 - QUALITIES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

REPETITIOUS MODULAR • LONG SPANS

* LIGHT • STIFF & ELASTIC

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S5 - WHAT IS CONCRETE MIX COMPRISED OF?

+ CEMENT (PORTLAND)
+ WATER
+AGGREGATE

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S6 - WHAT KIND OF CEMENT IS PORTLAND CEMENT AND HOW IS IT MADE

• HYDRAULIC CEMENT
1 - BURN CLAY & LIMESTONE IN A KILN
2 - PULVERIZE INTO FINE POWDER

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S7 - 5 TYPES OF CONCRETE

TYPE I - NORMAL
TYPE II - MODERATE PORT. CEMENT 
TYPE III - CURES FASTER (COLD WEATHER)
TYPE IV - LOW HEAT
TYPE V - SULFATE RESISTANCE (salty acidic soil)

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S9 - CONCRETE MIX CONTAINS __-__% AGGREGATE.

60-80%

THIS IS KEY TO •FR •STRENGTH •WEIGHT

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S10 - SIZE OF FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE. WHAT IS APPROPRIATE DEPTH & THICKNESS FOR SLAB & WALLS RESPECTIVELY?

FINE: 
sand < 6mm
COARSE: (Abram's Law)
must be <1/3 slab depth
must be <1/2 wall thickness

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S11 - RELATIONSHIP OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO TO STRENGTH + IDEAL RANGE:

Compressive strength inversely proportional to ratio of water to cement.
IDEAL RANGE .45-.60

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S12 - LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MADE WITH _______ OR ___________.

EXPANDED SHALE OR SLATE AGGREGATE

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S13 - INSULATING CONCRETE MADE WITH _________

PERLITE AGGREGATE OR FOAM AGENT.

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S14 - Describe the advantages of WOOD as a structural material. (6)

\+ strong
\+ durable
\+ light
\+ rigid &amp; flexible
\+ easy to work w
\+ renewable

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S15 - What are the 2 major classes of wood?

*do NOT describe hardness
1 - SOFTWOOD = used for construction
  • predominantly evergreen
  • pine/fir
2 - HARDWOOD = used for finishing
  • predom. broad leaf flowering trees
  • Cherry/Oak/Maple

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S16 Wood is great in tension and compression, but the grain should be considered. Describe the strength of wood cut:
1 - Parallel to the grain
2 - Perpendicular to the grain

1 - Parallel = BEST for tension and compression
(1/3 stronger in compression)
2 - Perp = best for shear strength
(allowable force = 1/5-1/2 that of parallel)

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S17 What is impacted by the cut of a log? (4)

1 - strength
2 - insulative value
3 - expansion/contraction
4 - how it is joined

S18 What are the 2 main types of log cutting?

1 - PLAINSAW $
  • varied grain / twisting 
2 - QUARTER SAW \$\$$ 
(aka vertical grain)
  • better quality

S19 Why do we season wood?

To season wood is to dry in a kiln to:
1 - reduce moisture
(shrinking <30%
2 - protect against decay (shrinking <20%)

S20 What are common lengths for lumber.

in 2’ increments:

6’ (1830) - 24’(7315)

S21 What are these 2 types of lumber:
1 - yard lumber
2 - factory + shop lumber (4 purposes)

1 - yard lumber
• sawn/selected for further manufacture
• ie. doors/millwork
• graded according to useable wood

2 - factory + shop lumber
• softwood lumber for general building purposes inc:
• boards (<2” thick)
• dimensional lumber (joists/light frame)
• structural lumber (beams/stringers)
• timbers (typ. left in green undressed condition)

S22 What is a good rule of thumb when estimating depth for beams and girders.

Beam span/20

Girder span/15

S23 What is more structurally efficient an S(often called I) beam or a W beam

A W beam is a profile engineered to carry the load more efficiently.

S24 Describe the 3 types of metal structural connections.

1 - MOMENT (this sh*t is locked down)
• rigid frame
• connections hold original angle under loading of welded plates
2 - SHEAR
• simple frame
• connections resist shear loads only .: can rotate
3 - SEMI-RIGID
• semi-rigid frame
• assume limited but known moment resistance capacity

S25 What are the 2 basic types of steel?

1 - Structural Steel
  • hot rolled
  • strong
  • versatile (1 storey up to towers)
2 - Lightweight Steel
  • details sim. to wood frame
  • low rise
  • on-site erection = good for irregular shapes

S26 What are the 2 types of open web steel joists?

``` STANDARD (K series ) • zigzag = single bent bar • span = 4 - 18m • depth 100-150mm LONGSPAN (LH & DLH series) • heavier web/chord members • great for heavier loads + longer spans • span = 8 - 18m (DLH can span up to 144') • depth = 150-305mm ``` **compare: 24K9 = acceptable span 7-14m 24LH7 = acceptable span 11-14m note: chord is larger on K series

S27 How would you read the sizing for an open-web joist? example: 24K9

24K9 24" Depth of joist K Joist series 9 Chord designation

S28 Good rule of thumb for estimating open web steel joists.

SPAN should not exceed 24xs the JOIST DEPTH.

S29 What size of overhang is acceptable for the K open web joist series?

5'6" with an allowable load of 300 psf

S30 What must be done is metal decking is acting as a diaphragm, transferring lateral loads to shear walls.

MUST be welded to steel supports along entire perimeter.

S31 Describe 3 most commonly used metal decking types.

FORM DECKING • perm. formwork for reinforced conc. slab COMPOSITE DECKING • serves as tensile reinforcement for con. slab to which it is bonded with it's ribs CELLULAR DECKING • weld flat sheet to underside of corrugated =raceways for elec. + comms * may also serve as acoustic ceiling if perf. flat sheet filled w glass fiber.

S32 What are the advantages (3) and disadvantage of using lightgauge steel joists?

+ lighter/longer spans + more dim. stable than wood + easily cut/tooled onsite + prepunched holes for bridging/piping/wiring - they conduct more heat than wood and have more embedded energy

S33 What is a good rule of thumb for estimating solid wood beam sizing? And glulam?

Wood depth = span/15 | Glulam depth = span/20

S34 If gypsum is used as a corner brace what 2 addition installation measures must be taken?

1 - must be nailed to stud base | 2 - adhesive used

S35 List 3 types of wood columns:

• SOLID • BUILT UP - glue-lam or mech fast. (cannot take as much load as same size solid) • SPACED

S36 What are the 2 most common modular block types for structural masonry walls?

1 - Bricks = heat hardened | 2 - Blocks (concrete) = chemically hardened

``` S37 Mortar is a mix of cement and/or lime w water and sand. What makes each of these unique: 1 - Cement Mortar 2 - Lime Mortar 3 - Cement/Lime Mortar 4 - Masonry Cement ```

``` 1 - Cement Mortar • portland cement • water • sand 2 - Lime Mortar rarely used 3 - Cement/Lime Mortar •cement mortar + lime = increased plasticity and water retention 4 - Masonry Cement • proprietary mix of port.cement w lime and plasticizers = rqr only the addition of sand and water ```

S38 List the 5 types of mortar. (based on strength)

M - high strength • use: reinforced masonry below grade or in contact w earth S - med - high strength • use:bond lat. strength more import than comp. N - med strength • use: above grade where high lat./comp. strength NOT rqrd O - Low strength • use: int. non-LB partitions K - Very low strength • use: int. non-LB partitions

S39 What are form ties? List 2 types

SNAP TIES - have notches or crimps so they can be snapped off after forms are removed SHE BOLTS - waler rods (reused) threaded into inner rod which is left in concrete

S40 List the 3 most common precast concrete wall types

SOLID - 8' width typ. (max height 7m) COMPOSITE - Rigid Foam @ center (max height = 7m) RIBBED - max rib depth 305mm (max height = 14m)